1. Lesson 9
What are igneous rocks?

2. Do you think it is hot inside the earth?
It is very hot. Between the crust and the mantle, the temperature is so hot it can melt minerals.
Therefore, some of the rock inside the earth is in a liquid state.

3. What happens if the rock cools?
Igneous rocks are formed.
Igneous rocks are rocks that form when melted minerals cool and harden.

4. The word igneous comes from the Greek word for fire.
Even though igneous rocks are not formed by fire, very high temperatures melt rock.

5. Melted minerals inside the earth are called magma.
There is a lot of magma deep inside the earth.

6. Sometimes magma rises to the upper part of the earth’s crust where the temperature is much cooler.
The cooler temperature allows the magma to cool, and harden.

7. Igneous rock is formed when that magma cools.
It may take thousands of years for igneous rock to form from magma.

8. Once in a while, magma makes its way up to the surface of the earth
Once in a while, magma makes its way up to the surface of the earth. It is then called lava.

9. Lava cools when it has contact with air or water
Lava cools when it has contact with air or water. Cooling makes the lava harden into igneous rock.
The cooling doesn’t take long.

10. How can we look at an igneous rock and tell if it was cooled slowly or quickly?
Igneous rocks have crystals of different sizes.
Different speeds of cooling make different size crystals.

11. Slow cooling makes large crystals.

12. Rapid cooling makes small crystals.

13. Extra-fast cooling makes rocks with no crystals.