2.  Merriam-Webster defines literature as written works (novels, plays, poems, stories) or anything written about a particular subject.  Text is defined as the original words of a writing or speech. ◦ The books, magazines, newspaper articles, tweets, and journal entries you read. ◦ The movies and tv shows you watch. ◦ The songs and radio you listen to.

3.  The methods and ideas readers apply while reading literature and/or texts  Different ways of interpreting a text  Several theories exist and have been studied; however, we will talk about 6 of the most popular theories.

4.  Based on the ideas and concepts of Karl Marx  According to Marxism, the moving force behind human history and its economic system.  Focuses on social class and economical differences  Where have you seen it before?

6.  Based off the ideas of Sigmund Freud  Unconscious vs. Subconscious  Desires/Obsessions  Defenses  Id vs. Ego vs. Superego  Oedipus vs. Electra complexes  Analysis of character behavior and motivation as it relates to the human psyche

9.  Based off the ideas of Carl Jung – a student of Sigmund Freud  Jungian theory is one branch of psychoanalytical theory  There are a set of archetypes, patterns, molds.  How do characters fit into or compare to the archetype?  Read “Now, Where Have I Seen Her Before?” ◦ Quiz over the reading

10.  The Innocent  The Orphan  The Hero  The Caregiver  The Explorer  The Rebel  The Lover  The Creator  The Jester  The Sage  The Magician  The Ruler

12.  Cultural studies asks, “What happened, why did that happen?” and “What can we interpret about society from what happened?”  Focus on how interpretations reflect the time period and culture ◦ Society’s trends  Frequently see author’s opinions and views on the time period, culture, or politics

13.  Focuses on colonial powers and their influence on “lower” powers  Also examines race and ethnicity  Question the literary canon

15.  Focus on the gender roles and stereotypes given by society  Sociology concepts are applied ◦ Biology indicates sex, while culture indicates gender  Definitions of masculinity and femininity  Examines ways that gender roles are portrayed in literature  Analyzes both sexes

17.  Focuses on the oppression of women ◦ Political, social, economical, and psychological ◦ Focuses specifically on women  Exclusion of women from the literary canon  Specific branch of gender studies

19.  Read “Hanseldee and Greteldum” ◦ Quiz over the reading  If you’re interested, the Brothers Grimm original fairy tales are on my website.