1. The American Presidents (1789-1861) The American Presidents (1789-1861)

2. George Washington America’s 1 st President

3. Domestic Problems faced by Washington He was the first President in America. He had no example to follow or imitate. Everything he did would be watched by America and would influence future presidents. He had a tough job ahead of him and a huge responsibility

4. How did Washington solve the Problem? Washington understood the task ahead of him and made wise choices and decisions during his presidency. In doing so he set many precedents that many future presidents would follow.

5. Domestic Problems faced by Washington National Debt: During the American Revolution the national and state governments had borrowed money to pay for the war. Now that the war was over and the new nation was functioning the debt needed to be paid off.

6. How did Washington solve the Problem? Washington appointed Alexander Hamilton as his Secretary of Treasury Hamilton was an extremely bright man who knew that the nation needed to gain reassurance in the government. Hamilton came up with a two part plan. A) pay off all war bonds to citizens and state debts to foreign nations B) create a national bank to deal with all government money Hamilton’s plan was well received in the North, but not in the South, which led to a new problem.

7. Domestic Problems faced by Washington The South did not like Hamilton’s Plan because they had already paid off their debts from the war…they would not approve unless there was something in it that would benefit them. The southern states wanted the nation’s capital moved

8. How did Washington solve the Problem? Actually Thomas Jefferson and Alexander Hamilton solved this issue in 1790. Jefferson agreed to get the south to support Hamilton's financial plan if Hamilton agreed to get the northern states to move the capital further south Virginia and Maryland each gave up a small section of land along the Potomac River and the District of Columbia was formed.

11. Domestic Problems faced by Washington 5.Whiskey Rebellion: 1794 --to raise money Congress placed a tax on distilled spirits. Farmers in the western sections of the nation were angered by the tax because whiskey was a major product for them— they turned corn into whiskey which was easier to transport to markets in the east

12. Whiskey Rebellion In 1794 the residents of western Pennsylvania not only threatened the whiskey tax collectors, they proceeded to carry out their threats. This led to acts of violence and rebellion.

13. How did Washington solve the Problem? President Washington reacted strongly. He sent in 12,000 troops to put down the rebellion. This action showed the strength of the national government over the states, and began the question over state’s rights

14. Foreign Problems faced by Washington French Revolution (1789-1795) French citizens revolted against the Monarch Revolutionary ideas spread throughout Europe England tried to stop the revolt and France went to war with England Both sides expected help from the U.S.

15. How did Washington solve the Problem? Washington knew that the U.S. was not strong enough to go to war—not enough $, weak military. So he issued the Neutrality Proclamation which said that the U.S. would not support either France nor England & that U.S. citizens and merchants should not give aid to either side

16. Foreign Problems faced by Washington Avoiding war with Great Britain: American neutrality was not being respected Merchants were still trading w/both England and France England & France both began seizing U.S. ships headed for the other nation (England more) American people got fed up & wanted to go to war w/England

17. How did Washington solve the Problem? Jays Treaty said nothing about England not seizing American ships It kept the U.S. out of war w/England Washington hoped continuing neutrality would solve this problem and encouraged Neutrality in his farewell address. John Jay

18. John Adams (1797-1801)

19. IV: The Election of 1796 A: The Democratic Republicans backed Aaron Burr and Thomas Jefferson B: The Federalists backed John Adams and Thomas Pinckney

20. Federalists Democratic- Republicans Led By Alexander Hamilton Thomas Jefferson Views on interpretation Loose Strict word-for word Federalism National gov more powerful than states States should have more power National Bank Wanted the Bank Against the Bank Alliance Favored England Favored France Social Class Favored the upper class-merchants Favored the common people Economy Manufacturing and Trade Agriculture (Farming) Supporters Merchants, manufacturers, northern cities and upper class Farmers, small crafts workers, lower class

21. IV: The Election of 1796 C: After the electoral college votes were counted 1. John Adams was President because he received the most votes 2. Thomas Jefferson was Vice-President because he received the 2 nd highest number of votes **meant that the Executive Branch had leaders from two different political parties—which caused much tension

23. XYZ Affair Foreign event where France tried to bribe American officials for peace Adams call their bluff and built up the navy as a sign that the U.S. would fight if need be

24. Alien and Sedition Acts Two laws that dealt with expelling foreigners and fining people who spoke out against the government No one is allowed to say bad things about the Government

25. Thomas Jefferson (1801-1809) Election of 1800 The presidential decision in the electoral college resulted in the Republican candidates for president and vice president actually ended up tied with one another. Votes for President and Vice President were not listed on separate ballots

26. Adams ran as Jefferson's main opponent, running mates Jefferson and AARON BURR received the same number of electoral votes. The election was decided in the House of Representatives where each state wielded a single vote. The twelfth amendment to the United States Constitution was created to make sure ties did not happen again It explains the process by which our President and Vice-President are elected. It says how each elector representing each state will have a congressional meeting and fill out the ballots. They will mark who they are voting for as President, and who they are voting for as Vice-President.

27. U.S. becomes more Democratic felt the Federalists had made the government too large and powerful and had forgotten about the ordinary citizens wanted to cut the national budget and reduce the national debt he decreased the size of government depts. he reduced the size of the army & navy had Congress repeal the Whiskey tax and the Alien & Sedition acts

28. Marbury vs. Madison (1803) Supreme Court case that defined the power of Judicial Review

29. Judicial Review Power of the Supreme Court to decide whether laws made by Congress are constitutional

30. Louisiana Purchase (1803) Purchase of Louisiana Territory from France in 1803 for 15 million dollars

31. Lewis and Clark Expedition By 1804 President Thomas Jefferson hired two men to explore this vast wilderness of newly acquired land. He chose Meriwether Lewis and William Clark to explore the land and scientifically observe and collect plant and animal specimens, record the weather and observe the native peoples and culture. In May of 1804 the expedition party set out from St. Louis Missouri and returned in September of 1806.

33. Barbary States North African nations of Tripoli, Tunis, Morocco and Algiers Jefferson goes to war with Tripoli because they wanted us to pay a higher tribute

34. Impressment Act of kidnapping and forcing someone to serve in the Navy

35. Embargo Act (1807) Law that forbid Americans to import or export any goods

36. Nonintercourse Act (1809) Law that allowed Americans to trade with all nations EXCEPT England and France

37. James Madison (1809-1817)

39. Conflict with Native Americans Tecumseh and the Prophet --built a village along Tippecanoe Creek and organized Indian nations into a confederacy against US settlers (1808) --William Henry Harrison, governor of Indian Territory marched 1,000 soldiers against Tecumseh’s village (1811) -- no real winner, but US celebrated the Battle of Tippecanoe as a major victory

40. Problems with Britain (England) Native American problem caused tension between the US & England 1. England was supplying guns and ammo to the Native Americans 2. Encouraged the NA’s to attack US settlers

41. Problems with Britain (England) Trading Issues still exist England tried to prevent the US from trading with France a. blockaded American ports and continued to seize US ships and impress American sailors

42. Warhawks-members of Congress from the South and West who want war Warhawks wanted war for many reasons 1. to get revenge on England for seizing our ships 2. to Conquer Canada 3. take Florida from Spain, a British ally 4. end British aid to the Native Americans and bring safety to the West 5. demonstrate the strength of the U.S.

43. The British Burn Washington, 1814

44. Treaty of Ghent (1814) Treaty between England and U.S. that ended the War of 1812—Increased respect from Europe and U.S. nationalism

45. James Monroe (1817-1825)

46. Era of Good Feeling period in history (1816-1824) when there was growing nationalism and prosperity in the U.S.

47. Adam’s-Onis Treaty (1821) Treaty in which Spain gave Florida to the U.S for $5 million

48. Monroe Doctrine Statement issued in 1823 in which President Monroe warned European nations not to interfere with the newly free Latin American nations

50. Missouri Compromise of 1820: Problem: Missouri asked to enter the Union as a slave state --this would disturb the balance of power in the Senate because in 1819 there were 11 free states and 11 slave states --allowing Missouri to enter as a slave state would give the South the majority vote in the Senate --Northerners did not want to lose power so they opposed the admission of Missouri as a slave state

51. Solution: --Henry Clay (Great Compromiser) came up with a solution --Missouri would enter as a slave state and Maine would enter as a free state --this would keep the balance of power in the Senate (12 & 12) --Under the Missouri Compromise, Congress drew an imaginary line across the southern border of Missouri ( 36,30 N) Slavery was allowed in the Louisiana territory lands south of this line and banned in the land above this line (except Missouri) --only dealt with land in the Louisiana Territory

52. Imaginary Line at 36 30 N Missouri Compromise 1820

53. John Quincy Adams (1825-1829)

54. Election of 1824 A: Four Candidates 1. John Quincy Adams- son of John Adams (2 nd President) a. had the support of New England 2. Henry Clay 3. Andrew Jackson a. both had the support of the West 4. William Crawford -was too ill to campaign a. had the support of the South

56. B. No Clear Winner in the Election 1.Andrew Jackson won the popular vote 2.No candidate won a majority of the electoral votes (needed 128 votes) (Jackson(99),Adams(84),Crawford(41),Clay(31) 3. House of Reps had to vote from the top 3 a. Clay was 4 th so he was out b. Clay was Speaker of the House & urged the Reps to vote for Quincy Adams

57. No Clear Winner in the Election When John Quincy Adams became the 6 th President he made Henry Clay his Sec. of State Jackson accused Adams & Clay of making a “corrupt bargain” this accusation hampered Adams attempts to be a successful President

58. Andrew Jackson (1829-1837)

59. In the Election of 1828 John Quincy Adams ran for re-election against Andrew Jackson and Lost (Adams 83 votes-Jackson 178 votes) Andrew Jackson became the 7 th President of the U.S

61. IV. Jackson’s Administration A: Spoils System 1. fired many gov. employees and replaced them w/his supporters a. done by other Presidents but not on such a large scale b. Jackson felt ordinary citizens should be part of gov. 2. This practice of rewarding supporters with gov. jobs became known as the Spoils System

62. IV. Jackson’s Administration A.Spoils System 3. Jackson put many of his supporters in high positions, including his Cabinet a. thus he had many unqualified advisors b. he often met with unofficial advisors in the White House Kitchen 1. these people became known as the Kitchen Cabinet

63. IV. Jackson’s Administration B.The Bank War 1. Jackson disliked the Bank of the United States a. the Bank had great power because it controlled loans made by state banks & could limit the amount that state banks could lend

64. IV. Jackson’s Administration B. The Bank War 2. Jackson and the Democrats thought the Bank was undemocratic because it was run by private wealthy bankers (Mr. Biddle) 3. When the Bank charter came up for renewal Jackson vetoed it & placed the money in state banks (Pet Banks) a. Bank closed in 1836

66. I Jackson’s Administration Tariff Problems In 1828, Congress passed the highest tariff in history a. this angered the South because they sold cotton to Europe in exchange for goods b. a higher tariff meant the South had to pay more for goods This tariff was called the Tariff of Abominations

67. IV. Jackson’s Administration Vice President John C. Calhoun led the South’s fight against the tariff --he claimed that states had the right to nullify a federal law that was considered to be unconstitutional -- he supported State’s Rights, the right of the states to limit the power of the national gov.

68. Jackson’s Administration Jackson did not support states rights, even though he was a Democrat Calhoun resigned as Vice President and was elected Senator from South Carolina In 1832, Congress passed a new tariff that lowered the rate a bit

69. John C. Calhoun No Protective Tariff Nullification Act States Rights Andrew Jackson Protective Tariff No Nullification Act No States Rights

70. Jackson’s Administration In 1832, South Carolina passed the Nullification Act that declared the new tariff illegal and threatened to secede from the Union if challenged Jackson was furious, but wanted to avoid civil war so he supported a lower compromise tariff

71. Jackson’s Administration Jackson also asked Congress to pass the Force Bill, which allowed Jackson to use the army to enforce the new compromise tariff Calhoun supported the new Compromise tariff and South Carolina repealed the Nullification Act

72. Jackson’s Administration Native American Tragedy Jackson urged Congress to set aside land beyond the Mississippi River for the Native Americans and then he wanted them to be forced to move there He believed this would provide land for the white settlers and protect Native Americans from destruction

73. Jackson’s Administration Native American tribes (Creek, Cherokee, and Seminoles)did not want to move 1830 Congress passed the Indian Removal Act which forced the NA’s to move west of the Mississippi

75. Martin VanBuren (1837-1841)

76. Inherited Many of Jackson’s Issues Panic of 1837 ---the worst economic crisis of the time ---caused by the Bank of the U.S. closing and not enough gold and silver to back the paper money ---Nation plunged into an economic depression -- thousands out of work -- Van Buren believed in lassiez faire and did not do much to solve the economic crisis --he was highly criticized

77. Trail of Tears 1838-- U.S. Army drove more than 15,000 Cherokees westward—they were forced to walk hundreds of miles over a few months and thousands died

79. William Henry Harrison ( March 1841-April 1841)

80. Campaign of 1840 Democrats chose Van Buren to run for President again Whigs chose William Henry Harrison a. hero of the Battle of Tippecanoe b. John Tyler ran for Vice Pres. c. they campaigned together under the slogan “Tippecanoe and Tyler Too”

82. Campaign of 1840 William Henry Harrison won the election and became the 9 th President On his Inauguration day he gave a very long speech in the freezing rain without a coat or hat on He developed pneumonia and died 4 weeks later **1st President to die in office** John Tyler took over as the 10 th President -- He failed to live up to the Whigs expectations and was kicked out of the Whig party.

84. John Tyler ( 1841-1845)

85. Oregon Fever Mass migration of Americans to the Pacific Northwest. Settlers travelled the Oregon Trail to find free and fertile land in the West during the 1840’s and 1850’s.

86. Lone Star Republic After winning independence from Mexico, Texans called their new nation the Lone Star Republic. Tyler annexed Texas into the U.S. in March of 1845

87. James K Polk (1845-1849)

88. Manifest Destiny Belief that the United States had the right and duty to expand all the way to Pacific Ocean

89. Mexican War ( 1846-1848) War between the United States and Mexico over a border dispute with Texas.

90. Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo (1848) Treaty that ended the Mexican-American War. Mexico recognized Texas annexation and gave the U.S. the Mexican Cession

91. Mexican Cession Land given to the United States in the Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo. The territory included parts of New Mexico, California, Arizona, Nevada, Colorado and Utah.

92. Mormons The largest group of settlers to move into the Mexican Cession (Utah). They moved here for religious reasons

93. Sutter’s Mill In 1848, gold was found here by James Marshall. Soon, more than 80,000 people traveled to California for the Gold Rush.

94. Zachary Taylor (1849-1850)

95. Popular Sovereignty The idea that people hold the final authority in government, thus each territory should be allowed to vote on whether to allow slavery or not

96. Millard Fillmore (1850-1853)

97. Compromise of 1850 Problem: Missouri Compromise only covered land that was part of the Louisiana Purchase, after these states entered peacefully new questions emerged over Mexican Cession lands wanting statehood --by early 1850 California wanted to be admitted to the Union as a free state—this would upset the balance of power in the Senate favoring the northern free states --also Oregon, Utah, and New Mexico were leaning towards being free states

98. Solution: Congress debated the issues of a Compromise for over 7 months—Henry Clay and Stephen Douglas gave many speeches about the Compromise and eventually Congress voted and accepted 5 separate issues that became known as the Compromise of 1850: 1. California would enter the Union as a free state 2. the lands of the Mexican Cession would be broken up and they would decide on slavery with popular sovereignty 3. slave trading would end in Washington D.C. 4. enacted a very strict fugitive slave law 5. settled a border dispute between Texas and New Mexico

99. Fugitive Slave Law 1850 Solution: as part of the Compromise of 1850 a new fugitive slave law was created --this new law required that all citizens were required to help catch runaway slaves --people who let fugitives escape could be fined $1,000 and jailed for 6 months --it set up special courts to handle runaway cases—Judges received $10 pay for sending a fugitive back to the South and $5 for allowing the slave to be free Northerners hated this law!

100. Fugitive Slave law left many Northern outraged by the injustice of it One Northern woman: Harriet Beecher Stowe wrote a novel to explain the evils of slavery and show how horrible this law was. Uncle Tom’s Cabin became a best selling novel, in the first year of publication, 300,000 copies of Uncle Tom's Cabin were sold. This novel helped inspire many Americans to support the end of slavery.

101. Franklin Pierce (1853-1857)

102. Kansas-Nebraska Act: Solution: Stephen Douglas (Illinois) proposed the Kansas-Nebraska Act --under this act Nebraska Territory would be divided into two separate territories—Kansas and Nebraska --the settlers living in each area would use popular sovereignty to decide the slavery issue --Northerners did not like this act—felt that the Missouri Compromise already banned slavery in Kansas and Nebraska—felt that the Kansas-Nebraska Act repealed the Missouri Compromise

104. Bleeding Kansas: Problem: Kansas ended up with 2 governments 1854: Kansas residents voted on slavery-thousands of Missouri residents voted illegally and Kansas ended up a slave state 1855: Kansas held elections to choose state lawmakers again Border Ruffians (pro-slavery men from Missouri) voted illegally—Pro-slavery lawmakers won and made laws supporting slavery Anti-slavery supporters refused to recognized this government and their laws and elected their own government Violence erupted between the two groups—called bleeding Kansas

105. Gadsden Purchase In 1853, the United States agreed to pay Mexico $10 million for a strip of land in present day Arizona and New Mexico.

106. James Buchanan (1857-1861)

107. The Dredd Scott Decision 1857: Problem: --Dredd Scott was a slave who belonged to Dr. Emerson --Dredd Scott travelled with Dr. Emerson and lived with in Missouri (slave), Illinois (Free) and Wisconsin (Free) --in 1843 Scott and his master Emerson move back to Missouri (Slave) and Emerson dies—Scott wants Emerson’s wife to set him and his family free since he had once lived in free territory

108. The Dredd Scott Decision 1857: Solution: Supreme Court states that Scott should remain a slave, that as a slave he is not a citizen of the U.S. and thus not eligible to bring suit in a federal court, and that as a slave he is personal property and thus has never been free. The court further declares unconstitutional the provision in the Missouri Compromise that permitted Congress to prohibit slavery in the territories, that territorial residents should be able to determine on what terms they enter the union.

109. --In 1859 John Brown was a radical abolitionist who had his followers march from Kansas to Harper’s Ferry, Virginia. --they attempted to raid a federal arsenal to start a slave revolt. It never happened. --Brown was arrested and put on trial. He was found guilty of treason and was executed. --Northerners saw him as a hero who had died for the abolitionist cause which appalled Southerners who now were convinced that the North wanted to destroy slavery.

110. South begins to Secede South Carolina on Dec. 20, 1860 Civil War is about to begin!