1. The Saigon CTT Semester 1 CHAPTER 7 Le Chi Trung

2. The Saigon CTT  Content Token-ring. FDDI LAN. Ethernet and IEEE 802.3. Layer 2 devices and effects on data flow.

3. The Saigon CTT  Schedule Date LessonLab NoNameEst timeNoNameEst Time 20-Aug Chapter 6 Online Exam 7.1The basics of token ring0:30:00 7.2The basics of FDDI0:30:00 22-Aug7.3The details of Ethernet and IEEE 802.31:00:00 7.4Layer 2 devices0:30:00 7.5Effects of layer 2 devices on data flow0:30:00 24-Aug7.6Basic of Ethernet 10Base-T troubleshooting 7.6.2Network discovery0:30:00 7.6.3Network discovery0:30:00 7.6.4Protocol inspector Frame Stats1:00:00 27-Aug Chapter 7 Online Exam

4. The Saigon CTT BASIC OF TOKEN-RING

5. The Saigon CTT  Variants IBM developed the first Token Ring network in the 1970s. It is still IBM's primary LAN technology, and is second only to Ethernet (IEEE 802.3) in terms of LAN implementation.

6. The Saigon CTT  Ring topology

7. The Saigon CTT  Data passing When a station has information to transmit, it seizes the token and sends data frame to the next station. When frame reaches the destination station, the data is copied for processing. Frame continues to circle the ring until it returns to the sending station. Sending station removes the frame from the ring, verifies receipt, and releases the token.

8. The Saigon CTT  Token-Ring frame format

9. The Saigon CTT  Start delimiter and End delimiter Start delimiter. –Alert for the arrival of a token. –Includes an identification symbol. –Violates encoding system to differentiate from other frame fields. End Delimiter –Completes the token or data/command frame. –Contains damage indicator. –Last of logical sequence.

10. The Saigon CTT  Access control P: Priority bits T: Token bit M: Monitor bit R: Reservation bits P P P P P P T T M M R R R R R R

11. The Saigon CTT  Priority and reservation bits B'000' Normal User Priority B'001' Normal User Priority B'010' Normal User Priority B'011' Normal User priority B'100' Bridge/Router B'101' Reserved IBM B'110' Reserved IBM B'111' Station Management

12. The Saigon CTT  Priority management Using the priority field and the reservation field. Stations with a higher priority can reserve the token for the next network pass. Stations that raise a token's priority level must reinstate the previous priority after their transmission has been completed.

13. The Saigon CTT  Frame control Only present in data/command frames. Indicates whether frame contains data or control information. If control, this byte specifies type of control information. Only present in data/command frames. Indicates whether frame contains data or control information. If control, this byte specifies type of control information.

14. The Saigon CTT  Destination and Source addresses Universal Address. Local Administered Address. Broadcast Address (D). Functional Address (0x0C0000 00XXXX) (D). Universal Address. Local Administered Address. Broadcast Address (D). Functional Address (0x0C0000 00XXXX) (D).

15. The Saigon CTT  Data Length limited by the maximum time a station may hold the token.

16. The Saigon CTT  Frame checksum Frame Check Sequence. Source fills field with calculated value dependent on frame contents. Destination recalculates to check data integrity. Frame is discarded if damaged. Frame Check Sequence. Source fills field with calculated value dependent on frame contents. Destination recalculates to check data integrity. Frame is discarded if damaged.

17. The Saigon CTT  Frame status Address recognized / frame copied indicator.

18. The Saigon CTT  Management mechanisms Active Monitor –One station acts as centralized source of timing information for other stations. –Removes continuously circulating frames by set monitor bit to 1. –Start a token, when token have been lost. Beaconing –Detects and repairs network faults. –Initiates auto-reconfiguration.

19. The Saigon CTT  Encoding: Differential Manchester

20. The Saigon CTT  Physical topology Physical topology : Star. Logical topology : Ring. IBM Token Ring network stations are connected to MSAU (Multi-Station Access Unit). Many MSAU can be wired together to form one large ring.

21. The Saigon CTT  Multi-MSAU

22. The Saigon CTT  Physical connection

23. The Saigon CTT  Review Operation of Token-Ring. Token-Ring frame structure. Encoding and topology.

24. The Saigon CTT BASIC OF FDDI

25. The Saigon CTT  Characteristics Fiber Distributed Data Interface. FDDI is popular as a campus backbone technology.  100 Mbps  Token passing  Dual-ring  Fiber Optic Cable  Total fiber length of 200Km  Station distances up to 2Km

26. The Saigon CTT  FDDI dual-ring (PR and SR)

27. The Saigon CTT  FDDI Media Fiber Optic –Single-mode, Laser (< 40Km) –Multi-mode, LED (< 2Km) –Multi-mode low cost, LED (< 500m) Twisted Pair Copper –UTP, STP (< 100m) - CDDI

28. The Saigon CTT  Fiber-optic modes

29. The Saigon CTT  FDDI Connections Class A: connect directly with PR – SR. –DAC: Dual Attachment Concentrator –DAS: Dual Attachment Station Class B: connect via FDDI concentrator. –SAS: Single Attachment Station

30. The Saigon CTT  Attachments

31. The Saigon CTT  FDDI standard: ANSI X3T9.5

32. The Saigon CTT  Physical Layer Medium (PMD) Physical Medium Dependent: How a station physically connect to a FDDI ring? Defines the characteristics of the transmission medium: –Fiber optic link –Power levels –Bit error rates –Optical components –Connectors

33. The Saigon CTT  Physical Layer Protocol (PHY) PHysical laYer protocol: How the signals are transmitted around the FDDI ring? Part of the physical layer that are media independent. Defines data encoding/decoding procedures: –Framing –Clocking requirements –Other functions (Link state…)

34. The Saigon CTT  Media Access Control (MAC) Media Access Control: How the physical medium is accessed on FDDI ring? Construction, transmission, receiving, and removal of frames and tokens. Defines how the medium is accessed: –Frame format –Token handling –Addressing –Error recovery mechanisms

35. The Saigon CTT  Station Management (SMT) Defines the FDDI station configuration, enables stations to work together within the ring : –Ring configuration –Initialization –Station insertion and removal –Fault isolation and recovery –Scheduling –Collection of statistics

36. The Saigon CTT  Types of traffic Synchronous traffic can consume a portion of the 100 Mbps total bandwidth of an FDDI network, while asynchronous traffic can consume the rest. Synchronous Mode: –Allocated parts of the bandwidth to one or more workstations. –Predictable response time. Asynchronous Mode: –Priority scheme.

37. The Saigon CTT  FDDI frame format

38. The Saigon CTT  Preamble, Start and End delimiter Preamble. –Prepares for the upcoming frame Start delimiter. –Alert for the arrival of a token. –Differentiate from other frame fields. End Delimiter –Completes the frame. –Contains damage indicator.

39. The Saigon CTT  Frame control The size of the address fields Other control information Asynchronous or Synchronous data The size of the address fields Other control information Asynchronous or Synchronous data

40. The Saigon CTT  Source and destination addresses Addresses are 6 bytes Unicast Multicast (D) Broadcast (D) Addresses are 6 bytes Unicast Multicast (D) Broadcast (D)

41. The Saigon CTT  Data Control information, or information destined for an upper-layer protocol

42. The Saigon CTT  FCS Cyclic redundancy check (CRC). For error control Cyclic redundancy check (CRC). For error control

43. The Saigon CTT  Frame status Allows the source station to determine if an error occurred and if the frame was recognized and copied by a receiving station

44. The Saigon CTT  Operation mechanisms Connection Establishment –Station connect to neighbors to form the ring. –Negotiate the length of the link. Ring Initialization –Station claim the right to generate a token. Steady-state Operation –Token passing Ring Maintenance –Detects and repairs token or network faults.

45. The Saigon CTT  Encoding: 4B/5B

46. The Saigon CTT  FDDI topology

47. The Saigon CTT  Review Operation of FDDI. FDDI frame structure. Encoding and topology.

48. The Saigon CTT ETHERNET AND IEEE 802.3

49. The Saigon CTT  Ethernet introduction Ethernet is the most widely used local area network (LAN) technology. Ethernet was designed to carry data at high speeds for very limited distances. Ethernet is well suited to applications where a local communication medium must carry sporadic, occasionally heavy traffic at high peak data rates.

50. The Saigon CTT  Ethernet history 1960s, the University of Hawaii. 1970s, Xerox developed the first system. 1980, IEEE released 802.3 specification. 1980s, Digital, Intel and Xerox jointly developed and released an Ethernet specification (v2.0), Compatible with 802.3 Today, the term Ethernet is often used to refer to Ethernet specifications, including IEEE 802.3.

51. The Saigon CTT  Datalink and Physical layers

52. The Saigon CTT  Comparing Ethernet and IEEE 802.3 Specify similar technologies. Broadcast network. Using CSMA/CD algorithm. Hardware implementation. Differences: –Ethernet provides services corresponding to physical and datalink layer. –IEEE 802.3 specifies the physical layer and the channel-access portion of the data link layer but does not define a LLC protocol.

53. The Saigon CTT  Ethernet family: 1000Base-SX-LX

54. The Saigon CTT  Ethernet family: 1000Base-T

55. The Saigon CTT  Ethernet family: 100Base-TX

56. The Saigon CTT  Ethernet family: 10Base-T

57. The Saigon CTT  Ethernet family

58. The Saigon CTT  Ethernet frame format

59. The Saigon CTT  Preamble Note that a frame is Ethernet or IEEE 802.3.

60. The Saigon CTT  Start of frame delimiter (SOF) The IEEE 802.3: synchronize the frame-reception portions of all stations on the LAN. Be explicitly specified in Ethernet. The IEEE 802.3: synchronize the frame-reception portions of all stations on the LAN. Be explicitly specified in Ethernet.

61. The Saigon CTT  Source and destination addresses MAC addresses. Unicast. Multicast (D) Broadcast (D) MAC addresses. Unicast. Multicast (D) Broadcast (D)

62. The Saigon CTT  Type (Ethernet) Specifies the upper-layer protocol to receive the data after Ethernet processing is completed

63. The Saigon CTT  Length (IEEE 802.3) The length indicates the number of bytes of data that follows this field

64. The Saigon CTT  Data (Ethernet) the data contained in the frame is sent to an upper-layer protocol

65. The Saigon CTT  Data (IEEE 802.3) Data send to LLC layer, including LLC header and upper-layer data

66. The Saigon CTT  Frame check sequence (FCS) This sequence contains a 4 byte CRC value that is created by the sender and is recalculated by the receiver to check for damaged frames

67. The Saigon CTT  Media Access Control (MAC) Shared-media broadcast technology. Ethernet’s MAC performs three functions: 1.transmitting and receiving data packets 2.decoding data packets and checking them for valid addresses before passing them to the upper layers of the OSI model 3.detecting errors within data packets or on the network

68. The Saigon CTT  Broadcast technology MAC

69. The Saigon CTT  Broadcast address FF-FF-FF-FF-FF-FF

70. The Saigon CTT  CSMA/CD When a station wishes to transmit, it checks the network to determine whether another station is transmitting. If network is free, the station proceeds with the transmission. While sending, the station monitors the network to ensure that no other station is transmitting. If a transmitting node recognizes a collision, it transmits a jam signal so that all other nodes recognize collision. All transmitting nodes then stop sending for a backoff time (randomly 0.. 2 n - 1 of 51.2  s).

71. The Saigon CTT  CSMA/CD (cont.)

72. The Saigon CTT  CSMA/CD Algorithm

73. The Saigon CTT  Encoding: Manchester T+/-

74. The Saigon CTT  Ethernet star topology

75. The Saigon CTT  Ethernet star topology (cont.)

76. The Saigon CTT  TIA/EIA-568-A HC Standard

77. The Saigon CTT  TIA/EIA-568-A: Distance limit

78. The Saigon CTT  Review Ethernet differences from IEEE 802.3. Ethernet and IEEE 802.3 frame structure. Encoding and topology.

79. The Saigon CTT LAYER 2 DEVICES AND EFFECTS ON DATAFLOW

80. The Saigon CTT  Layer 2 Devices NIC (Network Interface Card) –Connect your computer with network. –Provide MAC addresses to each connection. –Implement CSMA/CD algorithm. Bridge –Forward or filter frame by MAC address. Switch –Multi-port bridge.

81. The Saigon CTT  NIC

82. The Saigon CTT  NIC (cont.) Provides ports for network connection. When selecting a network card, consider: 1.Type of network: Ethernet Token Ring FDDI 2.Type of media Twisted-pair Coaxial Fiber-optic 3.Type of system bus PCI ISA

83. The Saigon CTT  NIC: Layer 2 functions Logical link control (LLC): communicates with upper layers in the computer Naming: provides a unique MAC address identifier Framing: part of the encapsulation process, packaging the bits for transport Media Access Control (MAC): provides structured access to shared access media Signaling: creates signals and interface with the media

84. The Saigon CTT  Bridge Connects network segments. Make intelligent decisions about whether to pass signals on to the next segment. Improve network performance by eliminating unnecessary traffic and minimizing the chances of collisions. Divides traffic into segments and filters traffic based on MAC address. Often pass frames b/w networks operating under different Layer 2 protocols.

85. The Saigon CTT  Bridge (cont.)

86. The Saigon CTT  Bridge (cont.): Filter

87. The Saigon CTT  Bridge (cont.): Forward

88. The Saigon CTT  LAN Switch Switches connect LAN segments. LAN switches are considered multi-port bridges with no collision domain. Use a MAC table to determine the segment on which a frame needs to be transmitted. Switches often replace shared hubs and work with existing cable infrastructures. Higher speeds than bridges. Support new functionality, such as VLAN.

89. The Saigon CTT  LAN Switch (cont.)

90. The Saigon CTT  LAN Switch: MAC table

91. The Saigon CTT  LAN Switch: Micro-segmentation

92. The Saigon CTT  Benefits of LAN Switch No collision domain, because of micro- segmentation. Low latency levels and a high rate of speed for frame forwarding Increases the bandwidth available on a network Is performed in hardware instead of in software, it is significantly faster. BUT: All hosts connected to the switch are still in the same broadcast domain.

93. The Saigon CTT  LAN Segmentation

94. The Saigon CTT  Why segment LANs? Isolate traffic between segments. Achieve more bandwidth per user by creating smaller collision domains. LANs are segmented by devices like bridges, switches, and routers. Extend the effective length of a LAN, permitting the attachment of distant stations.

95. The Saigon CTT  Segmentation with bridges

96. The Saigon CTT  Segmentation with bridges (cont.) Bridges increase the latency (delay) in a network by 10-30%. A bridge is considered a store-and- forward device because it must receive the entire frame and compute the cyclic redundancy check (CRC) before forwarding can take place. The time it takes to perform these tasks can slow network transmissions, thus causing delay.

97. The Saigon CTT  Segmentation with switches

98. The Saigon CTT  Segmentation with switches (cont.) Allows a LAN topology to work faster and more efficiently. Uses bandwidth so efficiently, the available bandwidth can reach to 100%. Ease bandwidth shortages and network bottlenecks (such as client-server). A computer connected directly to an Ethernet switch is its own collision domain and accesses the full 10Mbps.

99. The Saigon CTT  Segmentation with routers

100. The Saigon CTT  Segmentation with routers (cont.) Routers operates at the network layer Routers bases all of its forwarding decisions on the Layer 3 protocol address. Routers ability to make exact determinations of where to send the data packet. Router operate with a higher rate of latency.

101. The Saigon CTT  Teaching topology

102. The Saigon CTT  Review Functions of layer 2 devices. How the layer 2 devices effect to dataflow.

103. The Saigon CTT  Basic 10BaseT troubleshooting

104. The Saigon CTT