1. Indicators of Water Quality
Hackmann
8th Grade Science

2. Turbidity:
Measure of the degree to which water looses its transparency due to the presence of suspended particles.
…in other words, how clear or cloudy is the water?

3. Ideal turbidity level: 1 NTU
High level of turbidity: 5 NTU and above
A secchi disk is the tool that is used to determine the level of turbidity.

4. Causes of increased turbidity:
Increased levels of phytoplankton
Sediment from erosion
Re-suspended sediments from the bottom (stirred up by organisms)
Waste discharge
Algae growth
Urban runoff

5. Results of high turbidity:
High turbidity increases the absorption of sunlight thus making the water warmer. Warmer water has lower levels of dissolved oxygen causing fish and larvae to die.

6. pH
pH is the acidity of the water (presence of the hydrogen ion in the water)
0 -> 7 is acidic
7 is neutral
7 -> 14 is basic

7. pH Levels Surface freshwater: 6.0 -> 9.0 Swamps: as low as 4.3
Salt water: 8.1 but as low as 7.7

8. Causes of changes in pH:
Natural conditions (especially in swamps)
Dumping of waste (such as batteries)
Farm runoff (such as lime)

9. Results in changes in pH:
A change in pH by 2 units results in a water system having 100 times a difference in acidity. Most aquatic life cannot withstand water outside of the optimum pH thus resulting in death.

10. Dissolved Oxygen:
The oxygen dissolved in the water

11. Dissolved Oxygen Levels
Average Level: 9.0 ppm
Must be 4-5 ppm to support diverse population of fish

12. Causes of changes in dissolved oxygen:
Turbulent actions (waves, rapids)
Water depth
Plant growth

13. Results of changes in dissolved oxygen:
When DO drops too low fish die. When DO is high, the water actually tastes better but can corrode water pipes

14. Temperature:
Measure of average kinetic energy

15. Temperature Levels: Low: cannot be tolerated below 32 degrees F
High: only rough fish can tolerate temperatures above 97 degrees F

16. Causes of change in temperature
Source of water
Time of year
Suspended sediment
Depth of water
Shade from shoreline vegetation

17. Results of changes in temperature:
Changes in temperature can make aquatic life susceptible to disease and at extreme levels can result in death

18. Nitrates Compound that contains the nitrogen based polyatomic ion NO3
(Ex: Sodium Nitrate)

19. Nitrate Levels Drinking Water Max: 10mg/L
Fish: Below 90 mg/L seems to have no effect on warm water fish

20. Causes of Nitrates: Fertilizer runoff (both farm and home) Manure pits
Leaks in septic systems
Animal waste
Rain trapping car exhaust

21. Results of presence of nitrates:
Nitrates can increase the plant production and fish population resulting in overcrowding. If algae increases due to nitrates, the DO levels can decrease, killing fish. Nitrates are converted to nitrites in humans (can kill children).

22. Bio-indicators
Macroinvertibrates (small spineless creatures visible to the naked eye) found living in water that are sensitive to pollution.
Examples: mullusks, worms, small crustaceans, some insects

23. High level of variety:
healthy water source
Small level of variety:
poor water source (indicator of high levels of pollution)

24. Causes of changes in bio-indicators
Pollution that results in changes in pH
Temperature
Dissolved oxygen
Nitrate levels

25. Results of few varieties of bio-indicators
The lack of a large number of different varieties of bio-indicators is indicative of pollution

26. Abiotic factors Non-living components of the environment
Examples: turbidity, pH, temperature, nitrates, dissolved oxygen