1. Francesca Sanna – 12/15-09-2014 Roma – IMEKOFOODS Water thermal pollution – Francesca Sanna – EMPIR Call 2016 Water thermal pollution metrology for biomarker detection Francesca Sanna, Graziano Coppa, Andrea Merlone WORKSHOP Presentation of ideas in preparation for the: Targeted Programme Environment in 2016 1st December 2015

2. Francesca Sanna – 12/15-09-2014 Roma – IMEKOFOODS Water thermal pollution – Francesca Sanna – EMPIR Call 2016 Biomarker stands for a fundamental approach in the assessment of ecosystem health. It allows the early detection of biological changes due to exposure to chemical pollutants. Biomarkers Biomarkers are widely used in monitoring programs as sensitive indicators, so-called sentinel organisms, of the exposure to the biological effects of heavy metals and organic pollutants.

3. Francesca Sanna – 12/15-09-2014 Roma – IMEKOFOODS Water thermal pollution – Francesca Sanna – EMPIR Call 2016 The use of aquatic plants as biomarker represents a functional tool for investigation in ecological research, applied to the conservation of the ecosystems. In fact, responses at the molecular and biochemical levels occur more rapidly and are of potential use as biomarkers of environmental quality. Biomarkers

4. Francesca Sanna – 12/15-09-2014 Roma – IMEKOFOODS Water thermal pollution – Francesca Sanna – EMPIR Call 2016 Lemna minor (duckweed) is a freshwater species that is small, free-floating, and fast-growing plant (rapid vegetative reproductive cycle, doubling time of 1–4 days). The species is distributed worldwide and often grows as blanket-like mats on the surface, nutrient-rich, fresh waters. Any biochemical changes would directly reflect water quality. Lemna minor L.

5. Francesca Sanna – 12/15-09-2014 Roma – IMEKOFOODS Water thermal pollution – Francesca Sanna – EMPIR Call 2016 L. minor represents a potential source of bioethanol, can extract organic pollutants and toxic metals from waters, which makes it useful in remediation efforts. Providing food and habitat for a variety of herbivorous fish, invertebrates and aquatic fowls. L. minor is quite suitable for aquatic treatment systems in temperate and temperate-continental regions. For instance, they can vegetate at temperatures between 7 °C and 30 °C. Lemna minor L.

6. Francesca Sanna – 12/15-09-2014 Roma – IMEKOFOODS Water thermal pollution – Francesca Sanna – EMPIR Call 2016 The uptake of heavy metals by aquatic plants is influenced by several factors, such as temperature, pH, light, and the presence of other metals in the water. Copper: metal ion removal potential and high uptake capacities. An excess of copper interferes with respiration, photosynthesis, pigment synthesis and enzyme activity. Arsenic: allow for the purification of contaminated waters, due to industrial or agrochemical discharges. Lead: ion uptake of plants increased with increase of the temperature up to 30 °C, but it decreased at 35 °C. NRE – Nitrogen Removal Efficiency: stimulate bacterial nitrogen removal as well as non-nutrient signals for denitrification. Lemna minor L.

7. Francesca Sanna – 12/15-09-2014 Roma – IMEKOFOODS Water thermal pollution – Francesca Sanna – EMPIR Call 2016 The effect of temperature on accumulated lead concentrations (0.1–10 mgPb/L, 15–35 ◦ C, pH 5.0).

8. Francesca Sanna – 12/15-09-2014 Roma – IMEKOFOODS Suitable observation sites Thermoelectric plants use freshwater from rivers as coolant Discharge of heated water into streams Effect on environment and ecosystem Water thermal pollution – Francesca Sanna – EMPIR Call 2016

9. Francesca Sanna – 12/15-09-2014 Roma – IMEKOFOODS Two main types of electric plant cooling systems: Once-through (direct intake and discharge into rivers) Recirculating (preemptive cooling by means of cooling towers) Suitable observation sites Water thermal pollution – Francesca Sanna – EMPIR Call 2016

10. Francesca Sanna – 12/15-09-2014 Roma – IMEKOFOODS Water thermal pollution – Francesca Sanna – EMPIR Call 2016 Towards the definition of a monitoring reference installation for water thermal pollution. Metrology Needs Evaluation of exposure time, concentration and stability at the temperature of the biomarker Current regulations Position of instruments

11. Francesca Sanna – 12/15-09-2014 Roma – IMEKOFOODS Experiment Array of temperature sensors upstream and downstream with respect to the warm water discharge Nature and geometry of sensors dependent on type of river (wadable or non-wadable) Longitudinal and/or transverse temperature profile Water thermal pollution – Francesca Sanna – EMPIR Call 2016

12. Francesca Sanna – 12/15-09-2014 Roma – IMEKOFOODS Water thermal pollution – Francesca Sanna – EMPIR Call 2016 Towards the definition of a monitoring reference installation for water thermal pollution. Metrology Needs Evaluation of exposure time, concentration and stability at the temperature of the biomarker Current regulations Position of instruments Definition of sensors characteristics Reference sensors Uncertainty in water temperature measurements Advances in calibration sensors Increase the knowledge

13. Francesca Sanna – 12/15-09-2014 Roma – IMEKOFOODS Water thermal pollution – Francesca Sanna – EMPIR Call 2016 Towards the definition of a monitoring reference installation for water thermal pollution. Metrology A) Study of the requirements, target uncertainty, best practice for the definition of a reference-grade installation B) Development of a dedicated experiment for the evaluation of the measurement uncertainty for the definition of a reference-grade installation Options and objectives

14. Francesca Sanna – 12/15-09-2014 Roma – IMEKOFOODS Water thermal pollution – Francesca Sanna – EMPIR Call 2016 Thank you for your attention Francesca Sanna, Graziano Coppa, Andrea Merlone WORKSHOP Presentation of ideas in preparation for the: Targeted Programme Environment in 2016 1st December 2015

15. Francesca Sanna – 12/15-09-2014 Roma – IMEKOFOODS Water thermal pollution – Francesca Sanna – EMPIR Call 2016

16. Francesca Sanna – 12/15-09-2014 Roma – IMEKOFOODS Water thermal pollution – Francesca Sanna – EMPIR Call 2016 Biophysical biomarkers are based on changes in chlorophyll content and fluorescence, changes in leaf pigments. Moreover, photosynthetic activity, secondary metabolites, heat shock proteins, enzymes of detoxication, and oxidative stress biomarkers were measured in the case of various stressors: -light, -hydric/haline stress, -herbicides, -metals, -organic contaminants, -thermal. Exposure time, exposure concentration and the stability of the biomarker are the most important aspects to be evaluated as a markers of the environmental conditions. Biomarkers