1. CHILD TRAFFICKING IN SCOTLAND: NETWORKS OF EXPLOITATION? Paul Rigby University of Stirling paul.rigby1@stir.ac.uk 2 Sept 2013

2. Palermo Protocol Palermo Protocol Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children, Supplementing the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime Article 3 (a) “Trafficking in persons” shall mean the recruitment, transportation, transfer, harbouring or receipt of persons, by means of the threat or use of force or other forms of coercion, of abduction, of fraud, of deception, of the abuse of power or of a position of vulnerability or of the giving or receiving of payments or benefits to achieve the consent of a person having control over another person, for the purpose of exploitation. Exploitation shall include, at a minimum, the exploitation of the prostitution of others or other forms of sexual exploitation, forced labour or services, slavery or practices similar to slavery, servitude or the removal of organs; (b) The consent of a victim of trafficking in persons to the intended exploitation set forth in subparagraph (a) of this article shall be irrelevant where any of the means set forth in subparagraph (a) have been used; (c) The recruitment, transportation, transfer, harbouring or receipt of a child for the purpose of exploitation shall be considered “trafficking in persons” even if this does not involve any of the means set forth in subparagraph (a) of this article; (d) “Child” shall mean any person under eighteen years of age.

3. ACT Recruitment Transportation Transfer Harbouring Receipt of personsMEANS Threat or use of force Coercion Abduction Fraud Deception Abuse of power or vulnerability Giving payment or benefits PURPOS E Exploitation including Prostitution of others Sexual exploitation Forced labour Slavery or similar Removal of organs Forced marriage FGM Other types of exploitation + + =

4. Child Trafficking in Scotland 21% of separated children in Glasgow have been trafficked or are at risk 7% have probably been trafficked 15% ‘suspicions’ about possible trafficking Scotland 2012 NRM referrals – 29 children Labour exploitation – 38% Sexual exploitation – 31% Domestic servitude – 17% (SOCA NRM provisional stats 2012) 1/3 of young people at Guardianship Project indicators of trafficking Glasgow child protection team – 190 referrals / enquiries since 2007

5. Traffickers are the connections & networks across countries Destination country Transit country Home country micro exo macro Trafficker(s) Ecological networks – What we know about child trafficking in the ‘real’ world Rigby & Whyte 2013

6. Referred to Glasgow social work CP team for advice 2008-2011– n=68 Type of exploitation Nos AfricaAsiaEast Asia East Europe West Europe Sexual 2718126- Commercial sexual 77---- Domestic servitude 97-1-- Labour exploitation 91134 Forced / under age marriage 33---- Physical abuse 981--- Criminality (including cannabis cultivation) 51-22- Begging 2---2- False asylum claims 33---- Benefit fraud 125--52 Female genital mutilation 44---- “The backgrounds, journeys and experiences of children indicate multiple types of abuse, suggesting that children are rarely trafficked for one type of exploitation, or are at least susceptible to multiple abuses as a result of trafficking or smuggling” http://www.glasgow.gov.uk/index.aspx?articleid=7490

7. Online, networks and trafficking Online, networks and trafficking Research tends to focus on: Sex trafficking & adults Or on child sexual abuse / exploitation via internet / grooming Little evidence for online recruitment re labour exploitation US based & internal trafficking ? In Glasgow (Scotland?) little / no research evidence regarding online recruitment in home countries before transportation

8. What we do know from Glasgow research Trafficking False social network profiles Mobile phones for contact Some clear links between children and adults (but not clear if facilitated online / mobiles / face to face) No evidence of widespread recruitment via online methods (from children’s accounts of recruitment) Child Sexual Exploitation Glasgow 2013 Inappropriate use of the internet / making contact with adults online - 54% of high risk group (8% low risk) Phone call / texts – 15% high risk group (0 low risk)

9. What we know from practice experience Identification of victims via social media / networks Control of victims via social media / networks False profiles Young people recruiting other young people online ?

10. Challenges in keeping children safe Within residential units – monitoring of internet use ? Take mobile phones off children ? Monitor mobile phone calls / texts Need to focus more on online networks – evidence to date in Scotland is limited – are we looking for it ?

11. Online Protection Identification of perpetrators Identification of victims You think you know training – CEOP Use of social networking sites by staff Local protocols / awareness raising for safe internet use

12. Online resources www.counterchildtrafficking.org http://www.thinkuknow.co.uk/ http://www.childrecovery.info Numerous online videos eg ChildLine http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rnqcc3WQl14