1. copyright cmassengale
PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
copyright cmassengale

2. copyright cmassengale
DNA
DNA contains genes, sequences of nucleotide bases
These Genes code for polypeptides (proteins)
Proteins are used to build cells and do much of the work inside cells
copyright cmassengale

3. copyright cmassengale
Genes & Proteins
Proteins are made of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds
20 different amino acids exist
copyright cmassengale

4. This is a generic amino acid
copyright cmassengale

5. copyright cmassengale
Polypeptides
Amino acid chains are called
polypeptides
copyright cmassengale

6. copyright cmassengale
DNA Begins the Process
DNA is found inside the nucleus
Proteins, however, are made in the cytoplasm of cells by organelles called ribosomes
Ribosomes may be free in the cytosol or attached to the surface of rough ER
copyright cmassengale

7. copyright cmassengale
Starting with DNA
DNA’s code must be copied and taken to the cytoplasm
In the cytoplasm, this code must be read so amino acids can be assembled to make polypeptides (proteins)
This process is called
PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
copyright cmassengale

8. What is RNA? Ribonucleic acid!
copyright cmassengale

9. RNA is the BLUEPRINT of the Master Plan
Roles of RNA and DNA
DNA is the MASTER PLAN
RNA is the BLUEPRINT of the Master Plan
copyright cmassengale

10. Structure of RNA 1. Phosphate group 2. 5-carbon sugar- ribose 3. Bases
i. Adenine
ii. Uracil
iii. Cytosine
iv. Guanine

11. copyright cmassengale
Structure of RNA
Like DNA, RNA is a polymer of nucleotides. In an RNA nucleotide, the sugar ribose is attached to a phosphate molecule and to a base, either G, U, A, or C. Notice that in RNA, the base uracil replaces thymine as one of the pyrimidine bases. RNA is single-stranded, whereas DNA is double-stranded.
copyright cmassengale

12. copyright cmassengale.
Three Types of RNA
Messenger RNA (mRNA) copies DNA’s code & carries the genetic information to the ribosomes
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA), along with protein, makes up the ribosomes
Transfer RNA (tRNA) transfers amino acids to the ribosomes where proteins are synthesized
copyright cmassengale

13. copyright cmassengale
Messenger RNA (mRNA)
Carries the information for a specific protein
Made up of 500 to 1000 nucleotides long
Sequence of 3 bases called codon
AUG – methionine or start codon
UAA, UAG, or UGA – stop codons
copyright cmassengale

14. copyright cmassengale
The Genetic Code
A codon is a group of 3- nucleotides that designates an amino acid
An amino acid may have more than one codon
There are 20 amino acids, but 64 possible codons
Some codons tell the ribosome to stop translating
copyright cmassengale

15. copyright cmassengale
The Genetic Code
Use the code by reading from the center to the outside
Example: AUG codes for Methionine
copyright cmassengale

16. copyright cmassengale
Name the Amino Acids
GGG?
UCA?
CAU?
GCA?
AAA?
copyright cmassengale

17. Remember the Complementary Bases
On DNA:
A-T
C-G
On RNA:
A-U
copyright cmassengale

18. copyright cmassengale
Transfer RNA (tRNA)
Clover-leaf shape
Single stranded molecule with attachment site at one end for an amino acid
Opposite end has three nucleotide bases called the anticodon
copyright cmassengale

19. copyright cmassengale
Transfer RNA
amino acid
attachment site U A C
anticodon
copyright cmassengale

20. copyright cmassengale
Codons and Anticodons
The 3 bases of an anticodon are complementary to the 3 bases of a codon
Example: Codon ACU
Anticodon UGA
UGA
ACU
copyright cmassengale

21. Transcription and Translation
copyright cmassengale

22. Pathway to Making a Protein
DNA
mRNA
tRNA (ribosomes)
Protein
copyright cmassengale

23. copyright cmassengale
Protein Synthesis
Definition:
The production or synthesis of
polypeptide chains (proteins)
Two phases: Transcription & Translation
mRNA must be processed before
it leaves the nucleus of
eukaryotic cells he
copyright cmassengale

24. copyright cmassengale
Transcription
The process of copying the sequence of one strand of DNA, the template strand
mRNA copies the template strand
Requires the enzyme RNA Polymerase
copyright cmassengale

25. copyright cmassengale
Template Strand
copyright cmassengale

26. copyright cmassengale
Question:
What would be the complementary RNA strand for the following DNA sequence?
DNA 5’-GCGTATG-3’
RNA 3’-CGCAUAC-5’
copyright cmassengale

27. copyright cmassengale
Answer:
DNA 5’-GCGTATG-3’
RNA 3’-CGCAUAC-5’
copyright cmassengale

28. copyright cmassengale
Transcription
During transcription, RNA polymerase binds to DNA and separates the DNA strands
RNA Polymerase then uses one strand of DNA as a template to assemble nucleotides into RNA
copyright cmassengale

29. copyright cmassengale
Transcription, con.’t
Promoters are regions on DNA that show where RNA Polymerase must bind to begin the Transcription of RNA
Called the TATA box
Specific base sequences act as signals to stop
Called the termination signal
copyright cmassengale

30. copyright cmassengale
RNA Polymerase
copyright cmassengale

31. copyright cmassengale
mRNA Processing
copyright cmassengale

32. copyright cmassengale
After the DNA is transcribed into RNA, editing must be done to the nucleotide chain to make the RNA functional
Introns, non-functional segments of DNA are snipped out of the chain
copyright cmassengale

33. copyright cmassengale
mRNA Editing
Exons, segments of DNA that code for proteins, are then rejoined by the enzyme ligase
A cap is added to the 5’ end of the newly copied mRNA
A poly A tail is added to the 3’ end of the RNA
The newly processed mRNA can then leave the nucleus
copyright cmassengale

34. copyright cmassengale
Exons
Introns
copyright cmassengale

35. Result of Transcription
New Transcript
Tail
CAP
copyright cmassengale

36. copyright cmassengale
mRNA Transcript
mRNA leaves the nucleus through its pores and goes to the ribosomes
copyright cmassengale

37. copyright cmassengale
Translation
Translation is the process of decoding the mRNA into a polypeptide chain
Ribosomes read mRNA three bases or 1 codon at a time and construct the proteins
copyright cmassengale

38. copyright cmassengale
Transcription
Transcription occurs when DNA acts as a template for mRNA synthesis. Translation occurs when the sequence of the mRNA codons determines the sequence of amino acids in a protein.
Translation
copyright cmassengale

39. copyright cmassengale
Step 1- Initiation
mRNA transcript start codon AUG attaches to the small ribosomal subunit
mRNA transcript
copyright cmassengale

40. copyright cmassengale

41. copyright cmassengale

42. End Product –The Protein!
The end products of protein synthesis is a primary structure of a protein
A sequence of amino acid bonded together by peptide bonds
aa1
aa2
aa3
aa4
aa5
aa200
aa199
copyright cmassengale

43. copyright cmassengale
Messenger RNA (mRNA) A U G C
mRNA
start
codon
codon 2
codon 3
codon 4
codon 5
codon 6
codon 7
codon 1
methionine
glycine
serine
isoleucine
alanine
stop
codon
protein
Primary structure of a protein
aa1
aa2
aa3
aa4
aa5
aa6
peptide bonds
copyright cmassengale