1. BACTERIA KEY CONCEPTS

2. 1. LIVING UNICELLULAR ORGANISMS
2. PROKARYOTIC = NO NUCLEUS
CONSISTS OF 2 KINGDOMS: EUBACTERIA AND ARCHAEBACTERIA

3. 3. Archaebacteria Eubacteria Smaller kingdom
Live in extreme environments:
Thermophiles
Halophiles
Methanogens
May be ancestors of eukaryotes (DNA is similar)
Lack peptidoglycan
Eubacteria
Larger kingdom (more members)
Common
Live everywhere
Have peptidoglycan in cell walls

4. 3 KINDS OF ARCHAEBACTERIA
HALOPHILES (SALTY WATER)
THERMOPHILES (HOT)
METHANOGENS (COW INTESTINES, produce methane)

5. CLASSIFICATION OF BACTERIA
What shape they are.
What type of cell wall they have.
Their movement characteristics.
Their specific mode of nutrition.
The way they get energy (ATP) from food.

6. 3 SHAPES OF BACTERIA
COCCI
BACILLI
SPIRILLA

7. 4. Bacillus (Bacilli)

8. 4. Coccus (Cocci)

9. 4. Spirillum (Spirilla)

10. Prefixes
4. Diplo = 2
Strepto = chain
Staphylo = clumps

11. Cell Wall Type: Gram staining
Used to find out which type of cell wall a eubacterium has.
Gram + has a thick peptidoglycan cell wall. (purple)
5. Gram – had a thinner cell wall with an outer lipid layer. (pink/red) Can be antibiotic resistant

12. Types of Movement 6. Flagella: tail used for movement
Cilia: short hairlike projections
Pili: used for cell-to-cell contact
Some glide, wiggle, slide.
Some do not move at all.

13. Types of Nutrition Autotrophic: makes own food
7. Chemoautotroph: uses chemicals
Photoautotroph: uses sunlight
Heterotrophic: consumes food (most)
Chemoheterotroph-takes in organic molecules
Photoheterotroph (are photosynthetic and take in compounds)

14. Releasing energy from food:
8. Obligate aerobe: require oxygen
Obligate anaerobe: must live in the absence of oxygen (ex: Clostridium botulinum-in canned food)
9. Facultative anaerobe: can survive with or without oxygen (E. coli-lives anaerobically in lg. intestine, but aerobically in sewage or contaminated water)

15. REPRODUCTION (p. 475) 10. Binary fission: asexual, splits in two
11. Conjugation: sexual, exchange genetic info through a hollow bridge that forms between two bacterial cells
12. Spore formation: when conditions unfavorable, spore forms around DNA to protect it (endospore)

16. BENEFICIAL BACTERIA
13. MOST BACTERIA ARE HELPFUL (like in our intestines!)
14. DECOMPOSERS, recycle nutrients
BIOREMEDIATION: DIGEST HARMFUL CHEMICALS, like oil
NITROGEN FIXATION: IN LEGUMES (SUCH AS SOYBEANS)
FOOD: YOGURT, CHEESE, PICKLES, SOUR CREAM, BUTTERMILK, ETC.

17. 15. BACTERIA AND ILLNESSES
ANTHRAX
TETANUS
Tooth decay
Strep throat
CHOLERA: SPREADS BY CONTAMINATED WATER
Staph infection
BUBONIC PLAGUE: DISEASE CARRIED BY RODENTS TO HUMANS

18. Food poisoning……
Salmonella
E. coli
Botulism

19. Pathogens Bacteria can cause disease in two ways: 16. Produce toxins
Damage cells

20. Control—prevent bacterial growth
17. Sterilization: heat, disinfectants
Food processing: boiling, canning, salting, refrigeration (doesn’t kill, just slows down)
Antibiotic: medicine that kills bacteria

21. Antibiotic Resistance
Many bacteria have evolved resistance to antibiotics, so we are constantly having to change antibiotics.
Antibiotic resistance article link
18. Describe what it means…