BR-main Before Reading 1. The Fate of a Horse 2. Word-web

BR-main Before Reading 1. The Fate of a Horse 2. Word-web
Introductory Remarks Blank Filling Questions and Answers 2. Word-web 3. Warm-up Questions 4. Discussion 5. Background Information Healthful Diet Choice Reasons for Becoming Vegetarian Animal Rights Vegetarianism Caused by Religious Beliefs Common Questions about Vegetarianism 6. Topic-related Prediction

BR1- Introductory Remarks
Thousands of animals are butchered for meat every year. The next video clip takes horses as an example to show us how inhumane it is for human beings to eat animals. The video is presented by the American National Horse Protection Coalition. ■

BR1- Blank Filling Blank Filling
Last year one of the thousands of horses waiting to be ___ in trucks like this was a horse named Monetary Justice. Two years earlier Monty had been a hero, grantsman (获得捐款者) of the famous Triple Crown Winner Secretariat, winner of the Aqueduct where he broke the track record. Then he stopped winning, confused, bones and like most of these for a few hundred dollars. He was retrucked in horrible conditions to Texas not for in a green or the pleasure of a respectable rider but for this. Last year Monty along with other horses had been sold to deaths. At one of the two Texas houses they would be up for meat. They would find its way to dining tables maybe in France, Belgium, Italy, Japan, foreign countries in which people eat horse meat. crammed ________ ______ skinny ______ sold off ________ retirement ______ pasture ______ 49,324 ______ brutal ________ slaughter ______ sliced _______ gourmet ■

BR1- Questions and Answers
1. What is the end of many horses’ life? They end up being butchered and eaten. 2. What do people in countries other than the U.S.A. think of eating horses? They think it is OK. 3. What are most Americans’ opinions about the issue of eating horses? They support the legislation to stop butchering horses by law.

BR1- Word-web Word-web vegetable fruit meat grain sea food

BR1- Word-web.1 Grain wheat 麦子 rice 大米 oat 燕麦 barley 大麦 corn玉米

BR1- Word-web.2 Vegetable eggplant 茄子 broccoli 西兰花 cauliflower 花菜
lettuce 莴笋 pepper 胡椒 carrot 胡萝卜 spinach 菠菜 celery 芹菜 potato 马铃薯 onion 洋葱 radish 萝卜 leek 韭菜 mushroom 蘑菇

BR1- Word-web.3 Fruit apple苹果 pear梨 banana 香蕉 grape葡萄 watermelon 西瓜
strawberry 草莓 lemon 柠檬 orange 橙子 pineapple 菠萝 coconut 椰子 papaya番木瓜 mango芒果 plum 李子

BR1- Word-web.4 Meat beef 牛肉 pork 猪肉 ham 火腿, bacon 熏猪肉，腌肉 sausage 香肠
baby chicken 童子鸡 poultry 禽肉 mutton 羊肉, fowl 鸟肉 game 野味 lamb 羔羊肉 turkey 火鸡

BR1- Word-web.5 Sea Food lobster 龙虾 shrimp 河虾,小虾 yellow fish 黄花鱼
carp 鲤鱼 silver carp 白鲢 salmon 马哈鱼,鲑鱼 turtle甲鱼 sardine 沙丁鱼，鲱鱼 oyster 牡蛎 clam文蛤 crab 蟹

BR1- Warm-up Questions Warm-up Questions Directions:
Form groups of four or five students and discuss the following questions. 1. 2. 3. What does it mean when someone is on a diet? Why do some people go on a diet? Do you know someone who is on a diet? If so, please describe. What kind of diet do you think is the most healthful?

BR1- Discussion Discussion USDA Food Pyramid
The United States Department of Agriculture Food Pyramid provides a practical visual guide to healthful eating, indicating the recommended daily portions of the basic food groups. Form groups of four or five students and discuss the arrangement of the position of different groups of food in the pyramid according to the portions they should occupy in the daily meals. Drag the icons of food groups to the blocks in the pyramid and give your reasons.

Fats and sweets(eat sparingly)
Meat, poultry, fish, dry beans, eggs, and nuts group(2-3servings) Milk, yogurt, and cheese group(2-3 servings) Fruit group(2-4 servings) Vegetable group(3-5 servings) Bread cereal, rice, and pasta group(6-11 servings)

BR1- Healthful Diet Choice
Directions : Listen to the following passage and fill in the blanks with the words you hear. Since 1994, the United States Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Agriculture have required nearly all food to carry a food indicating the amounts of calories, , protein, fat, and fiber per to make it easy for consumers to make healthful choices. In an effort to provide additional guidance and reduce the incidence of diet-related cancers, the National Cancer Institute developed the 5-a-Day Campaign for Better Health, a program that the practice of eating five servings of fruits and vegetables daily. Studies of populations that eat many fruits and vegetables ________ packaged ____ label _______ vitamins _______ serving ___ diet ________ nutritional ________ promotes _____ reveal a decreased incidence of diet-related cancers. Laboratory studies have shown that many fruits and vegetables contain phytochemicals, that appear to the growth of cancer cells. substances _________ ____ limit ■

BR1- Reasons for Becoming Vegetarian
Directions : Listen to the following passage and summarize the main points to become vegetarians. 1. It is wrong to slaughter animals for food. 2. The effect of meat production on the environment. 3. Links between meat production and poverty and famine in developing countries. Most people become vegetarian because they believe it is wrong to slaughter animals for food and because they are opposed to the cruelty and suffering inflicted upon the billions of animals reared for food. The effect of meat production on the environment, such as the destruction of vast areas of rainforest for cattle ranching, is another reason commonly cited for becoming vegetarian. Others may become vegetarian because of the links between meat production and poverty and famine in developing countries. The health advantages of a vegetarian diet are another commonly cited reason to become vegetarian, particularly among adults. A dislike of the taste of meat and religious reasons may also be a factor. ■

BR2- Animal Rights Animal Rights
Animal rights, the moral right of animals to be treated with respect and without exploitation. Some people believe that animals have rights just as human beings do. Although people often choose vegetarianism for health reasons, many people choose to abstain from eating meat, poultry, and fish because they oppose the killing of animals. Vegans are people who refrain from eating any animal products — including dairy products — for a variety of reasons. Many animal rights advocates strongly oppose intensive (factory) farming, due in part to the restricted space that such farm animals are forced to occupy before they are slaughtered. They also object to other food production practices such as the force-feeding of geese to enlarge their livers for the production of pâté de fois gras (goose-liver pâté), and the housing of veal calves in crates to restrict muscle development. In certain countries such treatments are illegal.

BR2- Vegetarianism Caused by Religious Beliefs
Buddhist monks and nuns were traditionally bound to poverty and celibacy, owning just three robes, a begging bowl, and a few other humble implements. They were expected to beg for their food and to avoid work. The 227 rules (vinaya) in the Pali Vinaya, expanded in some sects, include only four transgressions meriting immediate expulsion: killing, theft, sex, and dishonestly exaggerating one's spiritual development. Killing traditionally extends to animals, so the majority of Buddhist monks are vegetarians.

BR2- Vegetarianism Caused by Religious Beliefs
The canon of Hinduism is basically defined by what people do rather than what they think. Consequently, far more uniformity of behavior than of belief is found among Hindus, although very few practices or beliefs are shared by all. A few usages are observed by almost all Hindus: reverence for Brahmans and cows; abstention from meat (especially beef); and marriage within the caste (jati), in the hope of producing male heirs.

BR2- Common Questions about Vegetarianism
1) Isn't it hard being a vegetarian? KEY Not at all. Vegetarian food is widely available in shops and restaurants. It's easy to cook and you're probably already eating many vegetarian meals such as beans on toast or jacket potato and cheese without even putting your mind to it. It's no sacrifice to give up meat when there are so many delicious recipes and so many tasty foods to experiment with. Plus you'll have the satisfaction of knowing that you're eating a healthy diet that doesn't involve the killing of animals or the abuse of the world's resources.

BR2- Common Questions about Vegetarianism 2
2) Aren't all vegetarians pale and unhealthy? KEY This old stereotype has taken a long time to die out. In fact, people who follow a varied, well-balanced vegetarian diet are in line with the current nutritional recommendations for a low fat, high fiber diet. That's why medical studies are proving that vegetarians are less likely to suffer from such illnesses as heart disease, cancer, diet-related diabetes, obesity and high blood pressure. So, if for no other reason, go vegetarian as a favor to your body!

BR2- Common Questions about Vegetarianism3
3) Isn't vegetarian food boring? KEY Vegetarians don't eke out a miserable existence on a few limp lettuce leaves and some boiled rice. And a proper vegetarian meal doesn't mean taking the meat away and leaving the side vegetables. With the hundreds of different vegetables, grains, fruit, pulses and nuts and seeds that exist, you could live to be 100 without exhausting all the possibilities for imaginative, nutritious meals! And as vegetarian food tends to be cheaper than a meat-based diet, you can afford to treat yourself to more expensive delicacies such as asparagus.

BR2- Common Questions about Vegetarianism 4
4) But how will I get enough of the vital nutrients such as iron and protein? KEY A well-balanced vegetarian diet provides all the nutrients you need for good health. In the case of protein, it's not only found in meat. It's also present in adequate quantities in dairy products, eggs and nuts, as well as in combinations of foods such as pulses and grains. In fact it would be very difficult to design a vegetarian diet that doesn't include enough protein.

BR2- Topic-related Prediction
Directions: Text A is entitled “Let’s go veggie!” Before you read the story, think about the answers to the following questions. 1. 2. In the text the author will call on us to have a vegetarian eating habit. What would he argue to persuade us? Predict his major points. How far do you agree with the author about being a vegetarian? Explain you viewpoints.

GR-MAINGR-Part Division of the Text
Global Reading 1. Part Division of the Text 2. Further Understanding For Part 1 True or False For Part 2 Table Completion For Part 3 Interview For Part 4 Speech For Part 5 Questions and Answers 3. Scanning

Part Division of the Text
Parts Lines Main Ideas 1 1~10 More and more people have adopted vegetarian diets. Vegetarian diets can bring people health and food safety while animal foods increase the risk of diseases. 2 11~40 Raising animals for food wastes many resources and damages the environment. 3 41~78 Born to be man’s food, animals’ rights have been greatly violated. 4 79~109 Adopting a vegetarian living style can benefit not only yourself but also the rest of the living world. 5 110~117

GR-True or False1.1 True or False Directions:
Decide whether the following statements about the text are true of false. 1. The “single act” mentioned by the author was to choose vegetarian dishes every time one has a meal. ( ) T 2. A great many of Canadians have changed little by little from animal-based foods to vegetarian foods. ( ) F More than a million Canadians have already acted: They have chosen not to eat meat. 3. Vegetarian foods sell very well, and are especially popular in India, China, Mexico, Italy and Japan. ( ) T

GR-Table Completion Table Completion Directions:
Summarize all the negative effects animal-based foods could cause and list them in the following table. (The first one has already been done for you) Animal foods increase the risk of chronic diseases. Treatment for degenerative diseases caused by animal foods leads to a great economic loss. Animal foods are not nutritious enough. Instead they may contain many ingredients bad for man’s health. Animal foods provide breeding grounds for harmful bacteria.

GR- Interview Interview Directions:
Form groups of two students. One will be the reporter and the other will be the spokesman of Environment Canada. The reporter will design and ask questions based on the text from paragraphs about how animal-based agriculture destroys the environment. The spokesman will answer these questions.

GR- Speech Speech Directions:
Suppose you were the author, who is now attending an assembly for protesting against the violation of animal rights. Deliver a speech based on the text from paragraphs and make an appeal to the public to protect animals by going veggie.

GR- Questions and Answers
1. 2. What does the author suggest that the decision of going veggie or not will affect? What comments can you make on the words of Einstein?

GR- scanning Scanning Directions:
The text quotes many authorities and statistics as supporting evidence. Scan the text and fill in the blanks with information about authorities and statistics. 1. 2. 3. 4. says that this “wrong fuel” has helped boost the cost of degenerative disease in Canada to an estimated $400 billion a year. ______________ Prof. Bruce Holub Manure — at a rate of over kilograms per second in Canada alone, according to the government. 10,000 ______ stated: “Eating lower on the food chain is perhaps the most potent single act we can take to halt the destruction of our environment and preserve our natural resources.” ___________ John Robbins It takes 8.4 kilograms of grain to produce kilogram of pork, estimates. one ___ the U.S. government ________________

GR- scanning2 5. 6. 7. 8. The American Dietetic Association
says: “Scientific data suggest positive relationships between a vegetarian diet and reduced risk for several chronic degenerative diseases.” ___________________________ According to , over 150,000 animals are “processed” every hour of every working day in Canada. ________________ Agricultural Canada Environment Canada ________________ says cattle excrete kilograms of manure for every kilogram of edible beef. 40 __ the Freedom of Information Act According to documents retrieved through , these groups forced changes to Canada’s latest food guide before it was released in 1993. ______________________ ___

TEXT Picture in your mind all the dishes that go to make up your ideal meal. Now take away all the dishes with meat in them. Not much left on the table? Then Joseph Pace has a word or two to say to you in an attempt to get you to change your eating habits.

TEXT-S-1 Let's Go Veggie! Joseph Pace
If there was a single act that would improve your health, cut your risk of food-borne illnesses, and help preserve the environment and the welfare of millions of animals, would you do it? The act I'm referring to is the choice you make every time you sit down to a meal. More than a million Canadians have already acted: They have chosen to not eat meat. And the pace of change has been dramatic. Vegetarian food sales are showing unparalleled growth. Especially popular are meat-free burgers and hot dogs, and the plant-based cuisines of India, China, Mexico, Italy and Japan. Fuelling the shift toward vegetarianism have been the health recommendations of medical research. Study after study has uncovered the same basic truth: Plant foods lower your risk of chronic disease; animal foods increase it.

TEXT-W-1 Let's Go Veggie! Joseph Pace
If there was a single act that would improve your health, cut your risk of food-borne illnesses, and help preserve the environment and the welfare of millions of animals, would you do it? The act I'm referring to is the choice you make every time you sit down to a meal. More than a million Canadians have already acted: They have chosen to not eat meat. And the pace of change has been dramatic. Vegetarian food sales are showing unparalleled growth. Especially popular are meat-free burgers and hot dogs, and the plant-based cuisines of India, China, Mexico, Italy and Japan. Fuelling the shift toward vegetarianism have been the health recommendations of medical research. Study after study has uncovered the same basic truth: Plant foods lower your risk of chronic disease; animal foods increase it.

TEXT-S-1.1 Let's Go Veggie! Joseph Pace
If there was a single act that would improve your health, cut your risk of food-borne illnesses, and help preserve the environment and the welfare of millions of animals, would you do it? The act I'm referring to is the choice you make every time you sit down to a meal. More than a million Canadians have already acted: They have chosen to not eat meat. And the pace of change has been dramatic. Vegetarian food sales are showing unparalleled growth. Especially popular are meat-free burgers and hot dogs, and the plant-based cuisines of India, China, Mexico, Italy and Japan. Fuelling the shift toward vegetarianism have been the health recommendations of medical research. Study after study has uncovered the same basic truth: Plant foods lower your risk of chronic disease; animal foods increase it. 1. What does the sentence imply? You could hardly deny doing such a thing that brings nothing but benefits. 2. Translate the sentence into Chinese. 如果有一件事，既能增进健康、减少患上食物引起的疾病的危险，又有助于保护环境、保护千万动物安全生存，你做不做？

TEXT-S-1.2 Let's Go Veggie! Joseph Pace
If there was a single act that would improve your health, cut your risk of food-borne illnesses, and help preserve the environment and the welfare of millions of animals, would you do it? The act I'm referring to is the choice you make every time you sit down to a meal. More than a million Canadians have already acted: They have chosen to not eat meat. And the pace of change has been dramatic. Vegetarian food sales are showing unparalleled growth. Especially popular are meat-free burgers and hot dogs, and the plant-based cuisines of India, China, Mexico, Italy and Japan. Fuelling the shift toward vegetarianism have been the health recommendations of medical research. Study after study has uncovered the same basic truth: Plant foods lower your risk of chronic disease; animal foods increase it. 1. Analyze the structure of the sentence. The sentence is inverted. It can be changed to “The health recommendations of medical research have been fuelling the shift toward vegetarianism.” The inversion is for the purpose of emphasis. 2. Translate the sentence into Chinese. 推动人们转向素食的是医学研究提出的关于如何增进健康的建议。

TEXT-W- preserve Let's Go Veggie! Joseph Pace
If there was a single act that would improve your health, cut your risk of food-borne illnesses, and help preserve the environment and the welfare of millions of animals, would you do it? The act I'm referring to is the choice you make every time you sit down to a meal. More than a million Canadians have already acted: They have chosen to not eat meat. And the pace of change has been dramatic. Vegetarian food sales are showing unparalleled growth. Especially popular are meat-free burgers and hot dogs, and the plant-based cuisines of India, China, Mexico, Italy and Japan. Fuelling the shift toward vegetarianism have been the health recommendations of medical research. Study after study has uncovered the same basic truth: Plant foods lower your risk of chronic disease; animal foods increase it. preserve: 1. v. maintain in safety from injury, peril, or harm; protect We need to preserve the forest. 这些都是保护完好的中世纪房屋。 These are perfectly preserved medieval houses. 2. n. an area or water where animals are protected from hunters Pantanal is one of the world’s great wildlife preserves.

TEXT-W- refer to Let's Go Veggie! Joseph Pace
If there was a single act that would improve your health, cut your risk of food-borne illnesses, and help preserve the environment and the welfare of millions of animals, would you do it? The act I'm referring to is the choice you make every time you sit down to a meal. More than a million Canadians have already acted: They have chosen to not eat meat. And the pace of change has been dramatic. Vegetarian food sales are showing unparalleled growth. Especially popular are meat-free burgers and hot dogs, and the plant-based cuisines of India, China, Mexico, Italy and Japan. Fuelling the shift toward vegetarianism have been the health recommendations of medical research. Study after study has uncovered the same basic truth: Plant foods lower your risk of chronic disease; animal foods increase it. refer to: mention or speak of (sb./sth.) What he is referring to is his trip to Canada. 在演讲中，他提到了最近去加拿大的旅行。 In his speech, he referred to a recent trip to Canada.

TEXT-W- dramatic Let's Go Veggie! Joseph Pace
If there was a single act that would improve your health, cut your risk of food-borne illnesses, and help preserve the environment and the welfare of millions of animals, would you do it? The act I'm referring to is the choice you make every time you sit down to a meal. More than a million Canadians have already acted: They have chosen to not eat meat. And the pace of change has been dramatic. Vegetarian food sales are showing unparalleled growth. Especially popular are meat-free burgers and hot dogs, and the plant-based cuisines of India, China, Mexico, Italy and Japan. Fuelling the shift toward vegetarianism have been the health recommendations of medical research. Study after study has uncovered the same basic truth: Plant foods lower your risk of chronic disease; animal foods increase it. dramatic: adj. exciting, surprising and impressive The act taken by the government will have dramatic effects on the economy. 他目睹了许多令人惊叹的杂技表演。 He witnessed many dramatic acrobatic performances.

TEXT-W- unparalleled Let's Go Veggie! Joseph Pace
If there was a single act that would improve your health, cut your risk of food-borne illnesses, and help preserve the environment and the welfare of millions of animals, would you do it? The act I'm referring to is the choice you make every time you sit down to a meal. More than a million Canadians have already acted: They have chosen to not eat meat. And the pace of change has been dramatic. Vegetarian food sales are showing unparalleled growth. Especially popular are meat-free burgers and hot dogs, and the plant-based cuisines of India, China, Mexico, Italy and Japan. Fuelling the shift toward vegetarianism have been the health recommendations of medical research. Study after study has uncovered the same basic truth: Plant foods lower your risk of chronic disease; animal foods increase it. unparalleled: adj. so great, etc. that it has no equal Our team achieved an unparalleled success last week. 该国正面临着二战以来空前的危机. The country is facing a crisis unparalleled since World War II.

TEXT-S-2 The American Dietetic Association says: "Scientific data suggest positive relationships between a vegetarian diet and reduced risk for several chronic degenerative diseases.“ This past fall, after reviewing 4,500 studies on diet and cancer, the World Cancer Research Fund flatly stated: "We've been running the human biological engine on the wrong fuel." This "wrong fuel" has helped boost the cost of degenerative disease in Canada to an estimated $400 billion a year, according to Bruce Holub, a professor of nutritional science at the University of Guelph. Animal foods have serious nutritional drawbacks: They are devoid of fiber, contain far too much saturated fat and cholesterol, and may even carry traces of hormones, steroids and antibiotics. It makes little difference whether you eat beef, pork, chicken or fish.

TEXT-W-2 The American Dietetic Association says: "Scientific data suggest positive relationships between a vegetarian diet and reduced risk for several chronic degenerative diseases.“ This past fall, after reviewing 4,500 studies on diet and cancer, the World Cancer Research Fund flatly stated: "We've been running the human biological engine on the wrong fuel." This "wrong fuel" has helped boost the cost of degenerative disease in Canada to an estimated $400 billion a year, according to Bruce Holub, a professor of nutritional science at the University of Guelph. Animal foods have serious nutritional drawbacks: They are devoid of fiber, contain far too much saturated fat and cholesterol, and may even carry traces of hormones, steroids and antibiotics. It makes little difference whether you eat beef, pork, chicken or fish.

TEXT-S-2.1 The American Dietetic Association says: "Scientific data suggest positive relationships between a vegetarian diet and reduced risk for several chronic degenerative diseases.“ This past fall, after reviewing 4,500 studies on diet and cancer, the World Cancer Research Fund flatly stated: "We've been running the human biological engine on the wrong fuel." 1. What does this sentence imply? Human being have been using the wrong food — meat as the source of nutrition and energy just like the engine has used the wrong fuel. 2. What figurative use of language does this sentence suggest? Metaphor. The human body is compared to engine and the food is compared to fuel. 3. Translate the sentence into Chinese. This "wrong fuel" has helped boost the cost of degenerative disease in Canada to an estimated $400 billion a year, according to Bruce Holub, a professor of nutritional science at the University of Guelph. Animal foods have serious nutritional drawbacks: They are devoid of fiber, contain far too much saturated fat and cholesterol, and may even carry traces of hormones, steroids and antibiotics. It makes little difference whether you eat beef, pork, chicken or fish. 我们一向利用不合适的燃料来维持人类生理引擎的运转。

TEXT-W- chronic The American Dietetic Association says: "Scientific data suggest positive relationships between a vegetarian diet and reduced risk for several chronic degenerative diseases.“ This past fall, after reviewing 4,500 studies on diet and cancer, the World Cancer Research Fund flatly stated: "We've been running the human biological engine on the wrong fuel." chronic: adj. lasting for a long time; continually recurring Environmental illnesses can be mild or severe and can range from transient to chronic, depending on the doses of toxin received. 我们系长期师资短缺。 There is a chronic shortage of teachers in our department. This "wrong fuel" has helped boost the cost of degenerative disease in Canada to an estimated $400 billion a year, according to Bruce Holub, a professor of nutritional science at the University of Guelph. Animal foods have serious nutritional drawbacks: They are devoid of fiber, contain far too much saturated fat and cholesterol, and may even carry traces of hormones, steroids and antibiotics. It makes little difference whether you eat beef, pork, chicken or fish.

TEXT-W- boost The American Dietetic Association says: "Scientific data suggest positive relationships between a vegetarian diet and reduced risk for several chronic degenerative diseases.“ This past fall, after reviewing 4,500 studies on diet and cancer, the World Cancer Research Fund flatly stated: "We've been running the human biological engine on the wrong fuel." boost: 1. v. increase or raise the strength or value We need a big win to boost our confidence. 这一举措旨在提高圣诞节期间的销量。 This move is designed to boost sales during Christmas. 2. n. increase, help or encouragement 这确实鼓舞了我去赢得这一重大赛事。 This "wrong fuel" has helped boost the cost of degenerative disease in Canada to an estimated $400 billion a year, according to Bruce Holub, a professor of nutritional science at the University of Guelph. Animal foods have serious nutritional drawbacks: They are devoid of fiber, contain far too much saturated fat and cholesterol, and may even carry traces of hormones, steroids and antibiotics. It makes little difference whether you eat beef, pork, chicken or fish. It did give me a boost to win such a big event. CF: boost, lift, enhance & heighten 这四个词都是动词, 都指从“较低的位置移向较高的位置, 并可引申为抽象事物的提升或程度的增强”。

TEXT-W- boost2 The American Dietetic Association says: "Scientific data suggest positive relationships between a vegetarian diet and reduced risk for several chronic degenerative diseases.“ This past fall, after reviewing 4,500 studies on diet and cancer, the World Cancer Research Fund flatly stated: "We've been running the human biological engine on the wrong fuel." boost 指通过推力的帮助来攀登或前进。例如： I boosted him over the wall. 我从后面把他推过了墙。 lift 常指付出努力，以克服重力的阻碍。例如： I can’t lift the desk alone. 我自己一个人抬不起这张桌子。 enhance 暗指比正常状态的提升，且多指价值、品质、声望等的提高。例如： They tried to enhance their reputation abroad. This "wrong fuel" has helped boost the cost of degenerative disease in Canada to an estimated $400 billion a year, according to Bruce Holub, a professor of nutritional science at the University of Guelph. Animal foods have serious nutritional drawbacks: They are devoid of fiber, contain far too much saturated fat and cholesterol, and may even carry traces of hormones, steroids and antibiotics. It makes little difference whether you eat beef, pork, chicken or fish. 他们试图提高在海外的声誉。 heighten 指在普通或习惯的基础上得到升高。例如： Using too much land heightens topsoil loss. 过多使用土地加剧了表层土壤流失。

TEXT-w- boost3 The American Dietetic Association says: "Scientific data suggest positive relationships between a vegetarian diet and reduced risk for several chronic degenerative diseases.“ This past fall, after reviewing 4,500 studies on diet and cancer, the World Cancer Research Fund flatly stated: "We've been running the human biological engine on the wrong fuel." Fill in the blanks with the words above. Change the form where necessary. 1. He his hands above his head. ____ lifted 2. Even a casual observer could hardly have failed to notice the of an already tense atmosphere. _________ heightening 3. We want the government to take action to the economy. This "wrong fuel" has helped boost the cost of degenerative disease in Canada to an estimated $400 billion a year, according to Bruce Holub, a professor of nutritional science at the University of Guelph. Animal foods have serious nutritional drawbacks: They are devoid of fiber, contain far too much saturated fat and cholesterol, and may even carry traces of hormones, steroids and antibiotics. It makes little difference whether you eat beef, pork, chicken or fish. ____ boost 4. Her rare use of make-up only seemed to her classically beautiful features. _______ enhance

TEXT-W- drawback The American Dietetic Association says: "Scientific data suggest positive relationships between a vegetarian diet and reduced risk for several chronic degenerative diseases.“ This past fall, after reviewing 4,500 studies on diet and cancer, the World Cancer Research Fund flatly stated: "We've been running the human biological engine on the wrong fuel." drawback: n. disadvantage or problem One of the drawbacks of sharing an apartment is having to share a bathroom. The only drawback of the plan is its cost. This "wrong fuel" has helped boost the cost of degenerative disease in Canada to an estimated $400 billion a year, according to Bruce Holub, a professor of nutritional science at the University of Guelph. Animal foods have serious nutritional drawbacks: They are devoid of fiber, contain far too much saturated fat and cholesterol, and may even carry traces of hormones, steroids and antibiotics. It makes little difference whether you eat beef, pork, chicken or fish.

TEXT-w- devoid The American Dietetic Association says: "Scientific data suggest positive relationships between a vegetarian diet and reduced risk for several chronic degenerative diseases.“ This past fall, after reviewing 4,500 studies on diet and cancer, the World Cancer Research Fund flatly stated: "We've been running the human biological engine on the wrong fuel." devoid: adj. empty; lacking devoid of: without (sth.); completely lacking in (sth.) This novel is devoid of wit and inventiveness. 我从未见过这样一张毫无表情的脸。 I have never seen a face that is so devoid of feeling. This "wrong fuel" has helped boost the cost of degenerative disease in Canada to an estimated $400 billion a year, according to Bruce Holub, a professor of nutritional science at the University of Guelph. Animal foods have serious nutritional drawbacks: They are devoid of fiber, contain far too much saturated fat and cholesterol, and may even carry traces of hormones, steroids and antibiotics. It makes little difference whether you eat beef, pork, chicken or fish.

TEXT-w- saturated fat The American Dietetic Association says: "Scientific data suggest positive relationships between a vegetarian diet and reduced risk for several chronic degenerative diseases.“ This past fall, after reviewing 4,500 studies on diet and cancer, the World Cancer Research Fund flatly stated: "We've been running the human biological engine on the wrong fuel." saturated fat: n. a type of fat that is found in some foods It is believed to cause heart disease and other illnesses if too much saturated fat is eaten. saturate: v. load or fill in completely to capacity The recollection was saturated with sunshine. 空气中充满花香。 The air was saturated with the perfume of the flowers. This "wrong fuel" has helped boost the cost of degenerative disease in Canada to an estimated $400 billion a year, according to Bruce Holub, a professor of nutritional science at the University of Guelph. Animal foods have serious nutritional drawbacks: They are devoid of fiber, contain far too much saturated fat and cholesterol, and may even carry traces of hormones, steroids and antibiotics. It makes little difference whether you eat beef, pork, chicken or fish.

TEXT-W- trace The American Dietetic Association says: "Scientific data suggest positive relationships between a vegetarian diet and reduced risk for several chronic degenerative diseases.“ This past fall, after reviewing 4,500 studies on diet and cancer, the World Cancer Research Fund flatly stated: "We've been running the human biological engine on the wrong fuel." trace: 1. n. very small amount; mark, sign, etc. showing what has existed or happened Wash them in cold water to remove all traces of sand. 她说英语不带一点口音。 She speaks English without the slightest trace of an accent. 2. v. find out or describe how sth. started or developed This "wrong fuel" has helped boost the cost of degenerative disease in Canada to an estimated $400 billion a year, according to Bruce Holub, a professor of nutritional science at the University of Guelph. Animal foods have serious nutritional drawbacks: They are devoid of fiber, contain far too much saturated fat and cholesterol, and may even carry traces of hormones, steroids and antibiotics. It makes little difference whether you eat beef, pork, chicken or fish. The exhibition traces the history of graphic design in America from the 19th century to the present. 他不断探索疾病的原因。 He kept tracing the cause of the disease.

TEXT-S-3 Animal foods are also gaining notoriety as breeding grounds for E. coli, campylobacter and other bacteria that cause illness. According to the Canadian Food Inspection Agency, six out of ten chickens are infected with salmonella. It's like playing Russian roulette with your health. So why aren't governments doing anything about this? Unfortunately, they have bowed to pressure from powerful lobby groups such as the Beef Information Center, the Canadian Egg Marketing Agency and the Dairy Farmers of Canada. According to documents retrieved through the Freedom of Information Act, these groups forced changes to Canada's latest food guide before it was released in 1993. This should come as no surprise: Even a minor reduction in recommended intakes of animal protein could cost these industries billions of dollars a year. While health and food safety are compelling reasons for choosing a vegetarian lifestyle, there are also larger issues to consider. Animal-based agriculture is one of the most environmentally destructive industries on the face of the Earth.

TEXT-W-3 Animal foods are also gaining notoriety as breeding grounds for E. coli, campylobacter and other bacteria that cause illness. According to the Canadian Food Inspection Agency, six out of ten chickens are infected with salmonella. It's like playing Russian roulette with your health. So why aren't governments doing anything about this? Unfortunately, they have bowed to pressure from powerful lobby groups such as the Beef Information Center, the Canadian Egg Marketing Agency and the Dairy Farmers of Canada. According to documents retrieved through the Freedom of Information Act, these groups forced changes to Canada's latest food guide before it was released in 1993. This should come as no surprise: Even a minor reduction in recommended intakes of animal protein could cost these industries billions of dollars a year. While health and food safety are compelling reasons for choosing a vegetarian lifestyle, there are also larger issues to consider. Animal-based agriculture is one of the most environmentally destructive industries on the face of the Earth.

TEXT-S-1 Animal foods are also gaining notoriety as breeding grounds for E. coli, campylobacter and other bacteria that cause illness. According to the Canadian Food Inspection Agency, six out of ten chickens are infected with salmonella. It's like playing Russian roulette with your health. So why aren't governments doing anything about this? Unfortunately, they have bowed to pressure from powerful lobby groups such as the Beef Information Center, the Canadian Egg Marketing Agency and the Dairy Farmers of Canada. According to documents retrieved through the Freedom of Information Act, these groups forced changes to Canada's latest food guide before it was released in 1993. This should come as no surprise: Even a minor reduction in recommended intakes of animal protein could cost these industries billions of dollars a year. While health and food safety are compelling reasons for choosing a vegetarian lifestyle, there are also larger issues to consider. Animal-based agriculture is one of the most environmentally destructive industries on the face of the Earth. 1. What can we infer from this sentence? The food guide released in 1993 was not based on truth. 2. Translate the sentence into Chinese. 根据信息自由法案获得的有关文件记载，这些集团迫使加拿大最新食品指南在1993年公布前做出修改。

TEXT-S-2 Animal foods are also gaining notoriety as breeding grounds for E. coli, campylobacter and other bacteria that cause illness. According to the Canadian Food Inspection Agency, six out of ten chickens are infected with salmonella. It's like playing Russian roulette with your health. So why aren't governments doing anything about this? Unfortunately, they have bowed to pressure from powerful lobby groups such as the Beef Information Center, the Canadian Egg Marketing Agency and the Dairy Farmers of Canada. According to documents retrieved through the Freedom of Information Act, these groups forced changes to Canada's latest food guide before it was released in 1993. This should come as no surprise: Even a minor reduction in recommended intakes of animal protein could cost these industries billions of dollars a year. While health and food safety are compelling reasons for choosing a vegetarian lifestyle, there are also larger issues to consider. Animal-based agriculture is one of the most environmentally destructive industries on the face of the Earth. Reading everything that stood before me was how I came upon a worn old book that had belonged to my father as a child. It was called Sanford and Merton. 1. What is the function of this sentence? This is a transitional sentence that leads to the next part. 2. Translate the sentence into Chinese. 健康和食品安全是选择素食生活方式令人信服的理由，但此外还有更为重大的因素要考虑。

TEXT-W- notoriety Animal foods are also gaining notoriety as breeding grounds for E. coli, campylobacter and other bacteria that cause illness. According to the Canadian Food Inspection Agency, six out of ten chickens are infected with salmonella. It's like playing Russian roulette with your health. So why aren't governments doing anything about this? Unfortunately, they have bowed to pressure from powerful lobby groups such as the Beef Information Center, the Canadian Egg Marketing Agency and the Dairy Farmers of Canada. According to documents retrieved through the Freedom of Information Act, these groups forced changes to Canada's latest food guide before it was released in 1993. This should come as no surprise: Even a minor reduction in recommended intakes of animal protein could cost these industries billions of dollars a year. While health and food safety are compelling reasons for choosing a vegetarian lifestyle, there are also larger issues to consider. Animal-based agriculture is one of the most environmentally destructive industries on the face of the Earth. notoriety: n. being notorious; ill fame He achieved notoriety as chief counsel to President in the Watergate event. notorious: adj. to be well known unfavorably; infamous This area is notorious for drugs, crime and violence. 这家公司效率低是出了名的。 This company is notoriously inefficient.

TEXT-W- infect Animal foods are also gaining notoriety as breeding grounds for E. coli, campylobacter and other bacteria that cause illness. According to the Canadian Food Inspection Agency, six out of ten chickens are infected with salmonella. It's like playing Russian roulette with your health. So why aren't governments doing anything about this? Unfortunately, they have bowed to pressure from powerful lobby groups such as the Beef Information Center, the Canadian Egg Marketing Agency and the Dairy Farmers of Canada. According to documents retrieved through the Freedom of Information Act, these groups forced changes to Canada's latest food guide before it was released in 1993. This should come as no surprise: Even a minor reduction in recommended intakes of animal protein could cost these industries billions of dollars a year. While health and food safety are compelling reasons for choosing a vegetarian lifestyle, there are also larger issues to consider. Animal-based agriculture is one of the most environmentally destructive industries on the face of the Earth. infect: v. Reading everything that stood before me was how I came upon a worn old book that had belonged to my father as a child. It was called Sanford and Merton. (harmful bacteria, etc.) enter the body of a person or an animal and cause disease A single mosquito can infect a large number of people. 他在狱中时，受到各种不良思想的影响。 When he was in prison, he was infected with all sorts of bad ideas.

TEXT-W- bow Animal foods are also gaining notoriety as breeding grounds for E. coli, campylobacter and other bacteria that cause illness. According to the Canadian Food Inspection Agency, six out of ten chickens are infected with salmonella. It's like playing Russian roulette with your health. So why aren't governments doing anything about this? Unfortunately, they have bowed to pressure from powerful lobby groups such as the Beef Information Center, the Canadian Egg Marketing Agency and the Dairy Farmers of Canada. According to documents retrieved through the Freedom of Information Act, these groups forced changes to Canada's latest food guide before it was released in 1993. This should come as no surprise: Even a minor reduction in recommended intakes of animal protein could cost these industries billions of dollars a year. While health and food safety are compelling reasons for choosing a vegetarian lifestyle, there are also larger issues to consider. Animal-based agriculture is one of the most environmentally destructive industries on the face of the Earth. bow: 1. v. bend the head or body as a sign of respect He bowed down before the king. bow to: submit to (sth.); accept or obey (sth.) 一些商店屈服于来自消费者的压力，开始降价。 Some shops are bowing to consumer pressure and begin to reduce prices. Reading everything that stood before me was how I came upon a worn old book that had belonged to my father as a child. It was called Sanford and Merton. 2. n. a knot with two loops and two loose ends that is used in tying shoelaces and ribbons Please add a ribbon tied in a bow. 3. n. a weapon for shooting arrows Some raiders were armed with bows and arrows.

TEXT-W- retrieve Animal foods are also gaining notoriety as breeding grounds for E. coli, campylobacter and other bacteria that cause illness. According to the Canadian Food Inspection Agency, six out of ten chickens are infected with salmonella. It's like playing Russian roulette with your health. So why aren't governments doing anything about this? Unfortunately, they have bowed to pressure from powerful lobby groups such as the Beef Information Center, the Canadian Egg Marketing Agency and the Dairy Farmers of Canada. According to documents retrieved through the Freedom of Information Act, these groups forced changes to Canada's latest food guide before it was released in 1993. This should come as no surprise: Even a minor reduction in recommended intakes of animal protein could cost these industries billions of dollars a year. While health and food safety are compelling reasons for choosing a vegetarian lifestyle, there are also larger issues to consider. Animal-based agriculture is one of the most environmentally destructive industries on the face of the Earth. retrieve: v. 1) get (sth.) back They wanted to retrieve the weapons left when they abandoned the island. 我们教小狗把球取回来。 We taught the dog to retrieve a ball. 2) rescue or save He was retrieved from degeneration.

TEXT-W- force Animal foods are also gaining notoriety as breeding grounds for E. coli, campylobacter and other bacteria that cause illness. According to the Canadian Food Inspection Agency, six out of ten chickens are infected with salmonella. It's like playing Russian roulette with your health. So why aren't governments doing anything about this? Unfortunately, they have bowed to pressure from powerful lobby groups such as the Beef Information Center, the Canadian Egg Marketing Agency and the Dairy Farmers of Canada. According to documents retrieved through the Freedom of Information Act, these groups forced changes to Canada's latest food guide before it was released in 1993. This should come as no surprise: Even a minor reduction in recommended intakes of animal protein could cost these industries billions of dollars a year. While health and food safety are compelling reasons for choosing a vegetarian lifestyle, there are also larger issues to consider. Animal-based agriculture is one of the most environmentally destructive industries on the face of the Earth. force: 1.v. compel through pressure or necessity They forced him to sign the paper. 他被迫辞职。 He was forced to resign his post. 2 n. power or strength; violence The love of justice has been a powerful motivating force in his life. 在真正的文明社会中，不会有人对他人施以暴力。 No man would use force on another in a truly civilized society.

TEXT-W- force2 Animal foods are also gaining notoriety as breeding grounds for E. coli, campylobacter and other bacteria that cause illness. According to the Canadian Food Inspection Agency, six out of ten chickens are infected with salmonella. It's like playing Russian roulette with your health. So why aren't governments doing anything about this? Unfortunately, they have bowed to pressure from powerful lobby groups such as the Beef Information Center, the Canadian Egg Marketing Agency and the Dairy Farmers of Canada. According to documents retrieved through the Freedom of Information Act, these groups forced changes to Canada's latest food guide before it was released in 1993. This should come as no surprise: Even a minor reduction in recommended intakes of animal protein could cost these industries billions of dollars a year. While health and food safety are compelling reasons for choosing a vegetarian lifestyle, there are also larger issues to consider. Animal-based agriculture is one of the most environmentally destructive industries on the face of the Earth. Collocation: carry…into force = put…into force 实行（法律） by force of 借…之力，依据… force one’s way 强行前进 resort to force 诉诸武力

TEXT-W- recommend Animal foods are also gaining notoriety as breeding grounds for E. coli, campylobacter and other bacteria that cause illness. According to the Canadian Food Inspection Agency, six out of ten chickens are infected with salmonella. It's like playing Russian roulette with your health. So why aren't governments doing anything about this? Unfortunately, they have bowed to pressure from powerful lobby groups such as the Beef Information Center, the Canadian Egg Marketing Agency and the Dairy Farmers of Canada. According to documents retrieved through the Freedom of Information Act, these groups forced changes to Canada's latest food guide before it was released in 1993. This should come as no surprise: Even a minor reduction in recommended intakes of animal protein could cost these industries billions of dollars a year. While health and food safety are compelling reasons for choosing a vegetarian lifestyle, there are also larger issues to consider. Animal-based agriculture is one of the most environmentally destructive industries on the face of the Earth. recommend: v. 1) praise or commend to another one as worthy and desirable I have just spent a holiday there and would recommend it to anyone. 我打算推荐你升职。 I will recommend you for a promotion. 2) suggest The judge recommended that he serve 20 years in prison. The recommended daily dose is 12 to 24 grams.

TEXT-W- intake Animal foods are also gaining notoriety as breeding grounds for E. coli, campylobacter and other bacteria that cause illness. According to the Canadian Food Inspection Agency, six out of ten chickens are infected with salmonella. It's like playing Russian roulette with your health. So why aren't governments doing anything about this? Unfortunately, they have bowed to pressure from powerful lobby groups such as the Beef Information Center, the Canadian Egg Marketing Agency and the Dairy Farmers of Canada. According to documents retrieved through the Freedom of Information Act, these groups forced changes to Canada's latest food guide before it was released in 1993. This should come as no surprise: Even a minor reduction in recommended intakes of animal protein could cost these industries billions of dollars a year. While health and food safety are compelling reasons for choosing a vegetarian lifestyle, there are also larger issues to consider. Animal-based agriculture is one of the most environmentally destructive industries on the face of the Earth. intake: n. the quantity taken in Your intake of alcohol should not exceed two units per day. 氧气的吸入量在这三种气体中是最多的。 The intake of oxygen is the most among the three kinds of gases.

TEXT-W- compelling Animal foods are also gaining notoriety as breeding grounds for E. coli, campylobacter and other bacteria that cause illness. According to the Canadian Food Inspection Agency, six out of ten chickens are infected with salmonella. It's like playing Russian roulette with your health. So why aren't governments doing anything about this? Unfortunately, they have bowed to pressure from powerful lobby groups such as the Beef Information Center, the Canadian Egg Marketing Agency and the Dairy Farmers of Canada. According to documents retrieved through the Freedom of Information Act, these groups forced changes to Canada's latest food guide before it was released in 1993. This should come as no surprise: Even a minor reduction in recommended intakes of animal protein could cost these industries billions of dollars a year. While health and food safety are compelling reasons for choosing a vegetarian lifestyle, there are also larger issues to consider. Animal-based agriculture is one of the most environmentally destructive industries on the face of the Earth. compelling: adj. 1) convincing The reasons are compelling. 这一结论是对他死亡之谜最令人信服的解释。 This conclusion is the most compelling explanation to the mystery of his death. 2) attractive or eye-catching It is a frighteningly violent yet compelling film. 3) urgently requiring attention There still exist many compelling socioeconomic problems.

TEXT-W- issue issue: 1. n. an important subject that people are arguing about or discussing Animal foods are also gaining notoriety as breeding grounds for E. coli, campylobacter and other bacteria that cause illness. According to the Canadian Food Inspection Agency, six out of ten chickens are infected with salmonella. It's like playing Russian roulette with your health. So why aren't governments doing anything about this? Unfortunately, they have bowed to pressure from powerful lobby groups such as the Beef Information Center, the Canadian Egg Marketing Agency and the Dairy Farmers of Canada. According to documents retrieved through the Freedom of Information Act, these groups forced changes to Canada's latest food guide before it was released in 1993. This should come as no surprise: Even a minor reduction in recommended intakes of animal protein could cost these industries billions of dollars a year. While health and food safety are compelling reasons for choosing a vegetarian lifestyle, there are also larger issues to consider. Animal-based agriculture is one of the most environmentally destructive industries on the face of the Earth. Is it right for the Church to express a view on political issues? 迫切需要对这一问题进行公开辩论。 There is urgent need to debate this issue openly. 2. n. the version of a magazine or newspaper that is published in a particular month or on a particular day This is the latest issue of the magazine. 3. v. publish books, articles, etc. or put into circulation The national post office has issued a new set of stamps. 4. make a statement known formally or publicly Last night he issued a statement denying the allegations. 昨天绑匪第二次发出了要杀死他的威胁。 Yesterday his kidnappers issued a second threat to kill him.

TEXT-W- issue2 Animal foods are also gaining notoriety as breeding grounds for E. coli, campylobacter and other bacteria that cause illness. According to the Canadian Food Inspection Agency, six out of ten chickens are infected with salmonella. It's like playing Russian roulette with your health. So why aren't governments doing anything about this? Unfortunately, they have bowed to pressure from powerful lobby groups such as the Beef Information Center, the Canadian Egg Marketing Agency and the Dairy Farmers of Canada. According to documents retrieved through the Freedom of Information Act, these groups forced changes to Canada's latest food guide before it was released in 1993. This should come as no surprise: Even a minor reduction in recommended intakes of animal protein could cost these industries billions of dollars a year. While health and food safety are compelling reasons for choosing a vegetarian lifestyle, there are also larger issues to consider. Animal-based agriculture is one of the most environmentally destructive industries on the face of the Earth. CF: question, problem & issue 这三个词都是名词，都表示“问题”。 question 强调需要讨论或回答的问题。例如： They asked a great many questions about England. 他们问了很多关于英格兰的问题。 problem 强调有待解决的问题。例如： The main problem is unemployment. 失业是主要问题。 issue 强调争论的观点。例如： Sharp conflicts have been arising about this issue. 关于这一问题正产生越来越大的分歧。

TEXT-W- issue3 Animal foods are also gaining notoriety as breeding grounds for E. coli, campylobacter and other bacteria that cause illness. According to the Canadian Food Inspection Agency, six out of ten chickens are infected with salmonella. It's like playing Russian roulette with your health. So why aren't governments doing anything about this? Unfortunately, they have bowed to pressure from powerful lobby groups such as the Beef Information Center, the Canadian Egg Marketing Agency and the Dairy Farmers of Canada. According to documents retrieved through the Freedom of Information Act, these groups forced changes to Canada's latest food guide before it was released in 1993. This should come as no surprise: Even a minor reduction in recommended intakes of animal protein could cost these industries billions of dollars a year. While health and food safety are compelling reasons for choosing a vegetarian lifestyle, there are also larger issues to consider. Animal-based agriculture is one of the most environmentally destructive industries on the face of the Earth. Fill in the blanks with the words above. 1. The president refused to answer further about England. ________ questions 2. Is it right for the church to express a view on political ? _____ issues 3. For every country solving the energy is very important. _______ problem 4. Perhaps he was agonizing over the moral _______. issues 5. It is not a of some abstract concept. ________ question Collocation： at issue 在争论中的 join/take issue with 与 … 争论

TEXT-W-4 Think for a moment about the vast resources required to raise, feed, shelter, transport, process and package the 500 million Canadian farm animals slaughtered each year. Water and energy are used at every step of the way. Alberta Agriculture calculates that it takes 10 to 20 times more energy to produce meat than to produce grain. Less than a quarter of our agricultural land is used to feed people directly. The rest is devoted to grazing and growing food for animals. Ecosystems of forest, wetland and grassland have been decimated to fuel the demand for land. Using so much land heightens topsoil loss, the use of harsh fertilizers and pesticides, and the need for irrigation water from dammed rivers. If people can shift away from meat, much of this land could be converted back to wilderness. The problem is that animals are inefficient at converting plants to edible flesh. It takes, for example, 8.4 kilograms of grain to produce one kilogram of pork, the U. S. government estimates.

Think for a moment about the vast resources required to raise, feed, shelter, transport, process and package the 500 million Canadian farm animals slaughtered each year. Water and energy are used at every step of the way. Alberta Agriculture calculates that it takes 10 to 20 times more energy to produce meat than to produce grain. Less than a quarter of our agricultural land is used to feed people directly. The rest is devoted to grazing and growing food for animals. Ecosystems of forest, wetland and grassland have been decimated to fuel the demand for land. Using so much land heightens topsoil loss, the use of harsh fertilizers and pesticides, and the need for irrigation water from dammed rivers. If people can shift away from meat, much of this land could be converted back to wilderness. The problem is that animals are inefficient at converting plants to edible flesh. It takes, for example, 8.4 kilograms of grain to produce one kilogram of pork, the U. S. government estimates.

TEXT-W- shelter Think for a moment about the vast resources required to raise, feed, shelter, transport, process and package the 500 million Canadian farm animals slaughtered each year. Water and energy are used at every step of the way. Alberta Agriculture calculates that it takes 10 to 20 times more energy to produce meat than to produce grain. Less than a quarter of our agricultural land is used to feed people directly. The rest is devoted to grazing and growing food for animals. Ecosystems of forest, wetland and grassland have been decimated to fuel the demand for land. Using so much land heightens topsoil loss, the use of harsh fertilizers and pesticides, and the need for irrigation water from dammed rivers. If people can shift away from meat, much of this land could be converted back to wilderness. shelter: 1. n. condition of being protected or kept safe We took shelter from the storm in a barn. 他站在太阳照不到的阴凉处 He stands at a shelter from the sun. 2. v. provide cover or protection for The trees shelter the field from the cold wind. He sheltered me from blame. The problem is that animals are inefficient at converting plants to edible flesh. It takes, for example, 8.4 kilograms of grain to produce one kilogram of pork, the U. S. government estimates.

TEXT-W- slaughter Think for a moment about the vast resources required to raise, feed, shelter, transport, process and package the 500 million Canadian farm animals slaughtered each year. Water and energy are used at every step of the way. Alberta Agriculture calculates that it takes 10 to 20 times more energy to produce meat than to produce grain. Less than a quarter of our agricultural land is used to feed people directly. The rest is devoted to grazing and growing food for animals. Ecosystems of forest, wetland and grassland have been decimated to fuel the demand for land. Using so much land heightens topsoil loss, the use of harsh fertilizers and pesticides, and the need for irrigation water from dammed rivers. If people can shift away from meat, much of this land could be converted back to wilderness. slaughter: v. kill animals for food Thirty-four people were slaughtered while queuing up to cast their votes. 缺少鸡饲料意味着养鸡场不得不大量屠宰已有家禽。 Lack of chicken feed means that chicken farms have to slaughter their stock. CF: massacre, slaughter & butchery 这三个词都是名词，都可以指“大量、肆意地杀害人类”。 massacre 指不分男女老少的大量屠杀，特别指对那些无力保护自己的人。例如： Maria lost her 62-year-old mother in the massacre. 在大屠杀中玛丽亚失去了她62岁的母亲。 The problem is that animals are inefficient at converting plants to edible flesh. It takes, for example, 8.4 kilograms of grain to produce one kilogram of pork, the U. S. government estimates. slaughter 指像战争或屠杀那样大范围的残酷杀害。例如： During the war the slaughter of civilians was commonplace. 在战争中屠杀平民司空见惯。

TEXT-W-slaughter Think for a moment about the vast resources required to raise, feed, shelter, transport, process and package the 500 million Canadian farm animals slaughtered each year. Water and energy are used at every step of the way. Alberta Agriculture calculates that it takes 10 to 20 times more energy to produce meat than to produce grain. Less than a quarter of our agricultural land is used to feed people directly. The rest is devoted to grazing and growing food for animals. Ecosystems of forest, wetland and grassland have been decimated to fuel the demand for land. Using so much land heightens topsoil loss, the use of harsh fertilizers and pesticides, and the need for irrigation water from dammed rivers. If people can shift away from meat, much of this land could be converted back to wilderness. butchery 除含slaughter的意思外，还有极其残忍、完全不顾被害者痛苦的意思。例如： In her view, war is simply a legalized form of butchery. 在她看来，战争不过是合法的屠杀形式。 Fill in the blanks with the words above. 1. In March 1770, there occurred what became known as the Boston ________. Massacre 2. The during the war is extremely bloody and cruel. ________ butchery The problem is that animals are inefficient at converting plants to edible flesh. It takes, for example, 8.4 kilograms of grain to produce one kilogram of pork, the U. S. government estimates. 3. More than 30,000 sheep are exported to the country for every year. ________ slaughter

TEXT-W- devote Think for a moment about the vast resources required to raise, feed, shelter, transport, process and package the 500 million Canadian farm animals slaughtered each year. Water and energy are used at every step of the way. Alberta Agriculture calculates that it takes 10 to 20 times more energy to produce meat than to produce grain. Less than a quarter of our agricultural land is used to feed people directly. The rest is devoted to grazing and growing food for animals. Ecosystems of forest, wetland and grassland have been decimated to fuel the demand for land. Using so much land heightens topsoil loss, the use of harsh fertilizers and pesticides, and the need for irrigation water from dammed rivers. If people can shift away from meat, much of this land could be converted back to wilderness. devote: v. give or apply (one's time, attention, or self) entirely to a particular activity He has devoted all his life to teaching. 他决定把自己的余生全部奉献给科学研究。 He decided to devote the rest of his life to scientific research. CF: devote, dedicate & consecrate 这三个词都是动词，都含“贡献、献身”的意思，为了特定的目标而弃其他于不顾。 devote 指决心将全部身心、活动、精力等献出。例如： He devoted all his life to the cause of Communism. 他把毕生的精力献给了共产主义事业。 The problem is that animals are inefficient at converting plants to edible flesh. It takes, for example, 8.4 kilograms of grain to produce one kilogram of pork, the U. S. government estimates. dedicate 正式用语, 指庄严地、全心全意地献身于一个神圣的或严肃的用途或目的。例如： He dedicated his life to the service of his country. 他献身于为国服务。

TEXT-W- consecrate Think for a moment about the vast resources required to raise, feed, shelter, transport, process and package the 500 million Canadian farm animals slaughtered each year. Water and energy are used at every step of the way. Alberta Agriculture calculates that it takes 10 to 20 times more energy to produce meat than to produce grain. Less than a quarter of our agricultural land is used to feed people directly. The rest is devoted to grazing and growing food for animals. Ecosystems of forest, wetland and grassland have been decimated to fuel the demand for land. Using so much land heightens topsoil loss, the use of harsh fertilizers and pesticides, and the need for irrigation water from dammed rivers. If people can shift away from meat, much of this land could be converted back to wilderness. consecrate 强调使变得神圣或圣化。例如： The church was consecrated in 1234. 这座教堂于1234年被正式圣化。 Fill in the blanks with the words above. Change the form where necessary. 1. He defied Pope John Paul II by four bishops without his approval. consecrating __________ 2. She gladly gave up her part-time job to herself entirely to her art. ______ devote 3. He is quite to his students. dedicated ________ The problem is that animals are inefficient at converting plants to edible flesh. It takes, for example, 8.4 kilograms of grain to produce one kilogram of pork, the U. S. government estimates. 4. She her first album to Ernest. ________ dedicated 5. I’ll my full attention to Chinese team in the Olympic Games. ______ devote

TEXT-W-fuel Think for a moment about the vast resources required to raise, feed, shelter, transport, process and package the 500 million Canadian farm animals slaughtered each year. Water and energy are used at every step of the way. Alberta Agriculture calculates that it takes 10 to 20 times more energy to produce meat than to produce grain. Less than a quarter of our agricultural land is used to feed people directly. The rest is devoted to grazing and growing food for animals. Ecosystems of forest, wetland and grassland have been decimated to fuel the demand for land. Using so much land heightens topsoil loss, the use of harsh fertilizers and pesticides, and the need for irrigation water from dammed rivers. If people can shift away from meat, much of this land could be converted back to wilderness. fuel: v. make it more intense 扩大信贷促进了经济的繁荣。 The economic boom was fueled by easy credit. Inflation was fueled by military spending. The problem is that animals are inefficient at converting plants to edible flesh. It takes, for example, 8.4 kilograms of grain to produce one kilogram of pork, the U. S. government estimates.

TEXT-W-convert Think for a moment about the vast resources required to raise, feed, shelter, transport, process and package the 500 million Canadian farm animals slaughtered each year. Water and energy are used at every step of the way. Alberta Agriculture calculates that it takes 10 to 20 times more energy to produce meat than to produce grain. Less than a quarter of our agricultural land is used to feed people directly. The rest is devoted to grazing and growing food for animals. Ecosystems of forest, wetland and grassland have been decimated to fuel the demand for land. Using so much land heightens topsoil loss, the use of harsh fertilizers and pesticides, and the need for irrigation water from dammed rivers. If people can shift away from meat, much of this land could be converted back to wilderness. convert: 1. v. change (something) from one form, use, function, or purpose to another 他们已经把这片森林变成了农田。 They have converted the forest into farmland. 如何把水变成冰？ How can we convert water into ice? 2. v. persuade or induce to adopt a particular religion, faith or belief They always try their best to convert pagans to Christianity. The problem is that animals are inefficient at converting plants to edible flesh. It takes, for example, 8.4 kilograms of grain to produce one kilogram of pork, the U. S. government estimates. 如果你试图劝他改变立场，你会发现他马上就走开。 If you try to convert him, you could find he just walks away at once.

TEXT-W- edible Think for a moment about the vast resources required to raise, feed, shelter, transport, process and package the 500 million Canadian farm animals slaughtered each year. Water and energy are used at every step of the way. Alberta Agriculture calculates that it takes 10 to 20 times more energy to produce meat than to produce grain. Less than a quarter of our agricultural land is used to feed people directly. The rest is devoted to grazing and growing food for animals. Ecosystems of forest, wetland and grassland have been decimated to fuel the demand for land. Using so much land heightens topsoil loss, the use of harsh fertilizers and pesticides, and the need for irrigation water from dammed rivers. If people can shift away from meat, much of this land could be converted back to wilderness. edible: adj. fit or suitable to be eaten We are told that only the leaves of the plant are edible. Can you tell the difference between edible and poisonous mushroom? The problem is that animals are inefficient at converting plants to edible flesh. It takes, for example, 8.4 kilograms of grain to produce one kilogram of pork, the U. S. government estimates.

TEXT-W-6. After putting so many resources into animals, what do we get out? Manure — at a rate of over 10,000 kilograms per second in Canada alone, according to the government. Environment Canada says cattle excrete 40 kilograms of manure for every kilogram of edible beef. A large egg factory can produce 50 to 100 tonnes of waste per week, the Ontario Ministry of Agriculture estimates. And where does it go? In the 1992 Ontario Groundwater Survey, 43 per cent of tested wells were contaminated with agricultural run-off containing fecal coliform bacteria and nitrates. Earlier this month, charges were laid against a large Alberta feedlot operator for dumping 30 million litres of cattle manure into the Bow River, "killing everything in its path," as a news story described it.

TEXT-W- get out get out: produce or publish After putting so many resources into animals, what do we get out? Manure — at a rate of over 10,000 kilograms per second in Canada alone, according to the government. Environment Canada says cattle excrete 40 kilograms of manure for every kilogram of edible beef. A large egg factory can produce 50 to 100 tonnes of waste per week, the Ontario Ministry of Agriculture estimates. They said they’d try to get the new dictionary out by the end of the year. 他已经把那部小说出版了。 He has got out that novel. Collocation: And where does it go? In the 1992 Ontario Groundwater Survey, 43 per cent of tested wells were contaminated with agricultural run-off containing fecal coliform bacteria and nitrates. Earlier this month, charges were laid against a large Alberta feedlot operator for dumping 30 million litres of cattle manure into the Bow River, "killing everything in its path," as a news story described it. get along 进展；与…和睦相处 get over 克服；恢复 get away with 做成；偷走 get by 通过；对付过去；过得去 get through 通过；干完

TEXT-W- contaminate After putting so many resources into animals, what do we get out? Manure — at a rate of over 10,000 kilograms per second in Canada alone, according to the government. Environment Canada says cattle excrete 40 kilograms of manure for every kilogram of edible beef. A large egg factory can produce 50 to 100 tonnes of waste per week, the Ontario Ministry of Agriculture estimates. contaminate: v. pollute (sth.) by dirt, chemicals, or radiation so 　　that it becomes impure or harmful Much of the coast has been contaminated by nuclear waste. 十万多人可能会因为饮用了被污染的水而得病。 More than 100,000 people could fall ill after drinking contaminated water. And where does it go? In the 1992 Ontario Groundwater Survey, 43 per cent of tested wells were contaminated with agricultural run-off containing fecal coliform bacteria and nitrates. Earlier this month, charges were laid against a large Alberta feedlot operator for dumping 30 million litres of cattle manure into the Bow River, "killing everything in its path," as a news story described it. CF: contaminate, taint & pollute 这三个词都是动词，都指“使某物不纯或不洁净”。 contaminate 暗指有污物进入，或与污物接触。例如： Many factories are heavily contaminated with toxic wastes. 许多工厂受到有毒物质的严重污染。 taint 强调因为污染而不再纯净或清洁，或指与外来的脏物或污秽相接。例如： Bad books will taint the young mind. 不良书籍会玷污年轻的心灵。

TEXT-W- pollute pollute 有时可与contaminate 互换，暗指污染的过程结束了，曾经纯净或干净的东西已经变得肮脏、有毒或污秽。例如： After putting so many resources into animals, what do we get out? Manure — at a rate of over 10,000 kilograms per second in Canada alone, according to the government. Environment Canada says cattle excrete 40 kilograms of manure for every kilogram of edible beef. A large egg factory can produce 50 to 100 tonnes of waste per week, the Ontario Ministry of Agriculture estimates. Heavy industry pollutes our rivers with noxious chemicals. 重工业的有毒化学物质污染了我们的河水。 Fill in the blanks with the words above. Change the form where necessary. 1. A secret military unit tried to the drinking water of refugees. And where does it go? In the 1992 Ontario Groundwater Survey, 43 per cent of tested wells were contaminated with agricultural run-off containing fecal coliform bacteria and nitrates. Earlier this month, charges were laid against a large Alberta feedlot operator for dumping 30 million litres of cattle manure into the Bow River, "killing everything in its path," as a news story described it. __________ contaminate 2. Opposition leaders said that the elections had been by corruption. ______ tainted 3. It is considered that the cat got ill by eating the pet food. contaminated ___________ 4. The waste gases the atmosphere of towns and cities. _______ pollute 5. A series of political scandal has the reputation of the parliament. _______ tainted

TEXT-W- lay charges against
accuse (sb.) formally of a crime After putting so many resources into animals, what do we get out? Manure — at a rate of over 10,000 kilograms per second in Canada alone, according to the government. Environment Canada says cattle excrete 40 kilograms of manure for every kilogram of edible beef. A large egg factory can produce 50 to 100 tonnes of waste per week, the Ontario Ministry of Agriculture estimates. The police laid a charge of theft against him. 他们没有指控他，因为没有找到足够的证据。 They haven’t laid charges against him because there is not enough evidence. Collocation: And where does it go? In the 1992 Ontario Groundwater Survey, 43 per cent of tested wells were contaminated with agricultural run-off containing fecal coliform bacteria and nitrates. Earlier this month, charges were laid against a large Alberta feedlot operator for dumping 30 million litres of cattle manure into the Bow River, "killing everything in its path," as a news story described it. bring/press charges against sb. 指控某人 charge sb. with 控以…罪 charge for 为…收费 free of charge 免费地 in charge of 担任，管理

TEXT-S-7 And then there is methane, a primary contributing gas in global warming and ozone layer depletion. Excluding natural sources, 27 per cent of Canada's and 20 per cent of the world's methane comes from livestock. John Robbins, author of the Pulitzer prize-nominated book Diet for a New America (Group West), said it best when he stated: "Eating lower on the food chain is perhaps the most potent single act we can take to halt the destruction of our environment and preserve our natural resources." Our environment also includes the animals killed for their meat. It has become an accepted fact that today's factory-farmed animals live short, miserable, unnatural lives. As part of my research at the University of Waterloo, I toured some of the country's largest "processing" plants. The experience has left me with recurring nightmares. I saw "stubborn" cows being beaten and squealing pigs chased around the killing floor with electric calipers.

TEXT-w -7 And then there is methane, a primary contributing gas in global warming and ozone layer depletion. Excluding natural sources, 27 per cent of Canada's and 20 per cent of the world's methane comes from livestock. John Robbins, author of the Pulitzer prize-nominated book Diet for a New America (Group West), said it best when he stated: "Eating lower on the food chain is perhaps the most potent single act we can take to halt the destruction of our environment and preserve our natural resources." Our environment also includes the animals killed for their meat. It has become an accepted fact that today's factory-farmed animals live short, miserable, unnatural lives. As part of my research at the University of Waterloo, I toured some of the country's largest "processing" plants. The experience has left me with recurring nightmares. I saw "stubborn" cows being beaten and squealing pigs chased around the killing floor with electric calipers.

TEXT-s-7.1 And then there is methane, a primary contributing gas in global warming and ozone layer depletion. Excluding natural sources, 27 per cent of Canada's and 20 per cent of the world's methane comes from livestock. John Robbins, author of the Pulitzer prize-nominated book Diet for a New America (Group West), said it best when he stated: "Eating lower on the food chain is perhaps the most potent single act we can take to halt the destruction of our environment and preserve our natural resources." Our environment also includes the animals killed for their meat. It has become an accepted fact that today's factory-farmed animals live short, miserable, unnatural lives. As part of my research at the University of Waterloo, I toured some of the country's largest "processing" plants. The experience has left me with recurring nightmares. I saw "stubborn" cows being beaten and squealing pigs chased around the killing floor with electric calipers. Translate the sentence into Chinese. 我见到“固执”的牛被打、尖叫着的猪在屠宰室被人用电卡钳追逐。 NB: 动词hear, see, feel, watch, notice, let, make, have 等后接动词时不加to。 There is no “to” attached to infinitives serving as objective complements after verbs such as “hear, see, feel, watch, notice, let, make, have, etc.”

TEXT-W- potent And then there is methane, a primary contributing gas in global warming and ozone layer depletion. Excluding natural sources, 27 per cent of Canada's and 20 per cent of the world's methane comes from livestock. John Robbins, author of the Pulitzer prize-nominated book Diet for a New America (Group West), said it best when he stated: "Eating lower on the food chain is perhaps the most potent single act we can take to halt the destruction of our environment and preserve our natural resources." Our environment also includes the animals killed for their meat. It has become an accepted fact that today's factory-farmed animals live short, miserable, unnatural lives. As part of my research at the University of Waterloo, I toured some of the country's largest "processing" plants. The experience has left me with recurring nightmares. I saw "stubborn" cows being beaten and squealing pigs chased around the killing floor with electric calipers. potent: adj. very effective and powerful This is a very potent drug and can have unpleasant side effects. 柏林墙是冷战的有力象征。 The Berlin Wall was a potent symbol of the Cold War.

TEXT-W- stubborn And then there is methane, a primary contributing gas in global warming and ozone layer depletion. Excluding natural sources, 27 per cent of Canada's and 20 per cent of the world's methane comes from livestock. John Robbins, author of the Pulitzer prize-nominated book Diet for a New America (Group West), said it best when he stated: "Eating lower on the food chain is perhaps the most potent single act we can take to halt the destruction of our environment and preserve our natural resources." Our environment also includes the animals killed for their meat. It has become an accepted fact that today's factory-farmed animals live short, miserable, unnatural lives. As part of my research at the University of Waterloo, I toured some of the country's largest "processing" plants. The experience has left me with recurring nightmares. I saw "stubborn" cows being beaten and squealing pigs chased around the killing floor with electric calipers. stubborn: adj. determined not to change one's attitude or position You won't get him to change his mind — he's as stubborn as a mule. I told him it was a bad idea, but Dave's so stubborn that he just never listens.

TEXT-S- 8 I looked on in utter shock as a cow missed the stun gun and was hoisted fully conscious upside down by its hind leg and cut to pieces, thrashing until its last breath. Noticing my shock, the foreman remarked: "Who cares? They're going to die anyway." Because it can cost hundreds of dollars per minute to stop the conveyor line, animal welfare comes second to profit. Over 150,000 animals are "processed" every hour of every working day in Canada, according to Agriculture Canada. The picture gets uglier still. En route to slaughter, farm animals may legally spend anywhere from 36 to 72 hours without food, water or rest. They're not even afforded the "luxury" of temperature controlled trucks in extreme summer heat or sub-zero cold. Agriculture Canada has estimated that more than 3 million Canadian farm animals die slow and painful deaths en route to slaughter each year.

TEXT-W- 8 I looked on in utter shock as a cow missed the stun gun and was hoisted fully conscious upside down by its hind leg and cut to pieces, thrashing until its last breath. Noticing my shock, the foreman remarked: "Who cares? They're going to die anyway." Because it can cost hundreds of dollars per minute to stop the conveyor line, animal welfare comes second to profit. Over 150,000 animals are "processed" every hour of every working day in Canada, according to Agriculture Canada. The picture gets uglier still. En route to slaughter, farm animals may legally spend anywhere from 36 to 72 hours without food, water or rest. They're not even afforded the "luxury" of temperature controlled trucks in extreme summer heat or sub-zero cold. Agriculture Canada has estimated that more than 3 million Canadian farm animals die slow and painful deaths en route to slaughter each year.

TEXT-S-8.1 I looked on in utter shock as a cow missed the stun gun and was hoisted fully conscious upside down by its hind leg and cut to pieces, thrashing until its last breath. Noticing my shock, the foreman remarked: "Who cares? They're going to die anyway." Because it can cost hundreds of dollars per minute to stop the conveyor line, animal welfare comes second to profit. Over 150,000 animals are "processed" every hour of every working day in Canada, according to Agriculture Canada. The picture gets uglier still. En route to slaughter, farm animals may legally spend anywhere from 36 to 72 hours without food, water or rest. They're not even afforded the "luxury" of temperature controlled trucks in extreme summer heat or sub-zero cold. Translate the sentence into Chinese. 由于传送线停转一分钟就要损失好几百元，家畜的利益就变得不如利润重要。 Agriculture Canada has estimated that more than 3 million Canadian farm animals die slow and painful deaths en route to slaughter each year.

TEXT-S-8.2 I looked on in utter shock as a cow missed the stun gun and was hoisted fully conscious upside down by its hind leg and cut to pieces, thrashing until its last breath. Noticing my shock, the foreman remarked: "Who cares? They're going to die anyway." Because it can cost hundreds of dollars per minute to stop the conveyor line, animal welfare comes second to profit. Over 150,000 animals are "processed" every hour of every working day in Canada, according to Agriculture Canada. The picture gets uglier still. En route to slaughter, farm animals may legally spend anywhere from 36 to 72 hours without food, water or rest. They're not even afforded the "luxury" of temperature controlled trucks in extreme summer heat or sub-zero cold. Paraphrase this sentence. It has been estimated by Agriculture Canada that more than 3 million Canadian farm animals die slowly in great pain on their way to slaughter. Agriculture Canada has estimated that more than 3 million Canadian farm animals die slow and painful deaths en route to slaughter each year.

TEXT-W-LOOK ON I looked on in utter shock as a cow missed the stun gun and was hoisted fully conscious upside down by its hind leg and cut to pieces, thrashing until its last breath. Noticing my shock, the foreman remarked: "Who cares? They're going to die anyway." Because it can cost hundreds of dollars per minute to stop the conveyor line, animal welfare comes second to profit. Over 150,000 animals are "processed" every hour of every working day in Canada, according to Agriculture Canada. The picture gets uglier still. En route to slaughter, farm animals may legally spend anywhere from 36 to 72 hours without food, water or rest. They're not even afforded the "luxury" of temperature controlled trucks in extreme summer heat or sub-zero cold. look on: watch (sth.) without becoming involved in it oneself She looked on proudly as her son was given his medal. 两个人在打架，但大家都袖手旁观。 Two men were fighting while people looked on. Agriculture Canada has estimated that more than 3 million Canadian farm animals die slow and painful deaths en route to slaughter each year.

TEXT-W- hoist I looked on in utter shock as a cow missed the stun gun and was hoisted fully conscious upside down by its hind leg and cut to pieces, thrashing until its last breath. Noticing my shock, the foreman remarked: "Who cares? They're going to die anyway." Because it can cost hundreds of dollars per minute to stop the conveyor line, animal welfare comes second to profit. Over 150,000 animals are "processed" every hour of every working day in Canada, according to Agriculture Canada. The picture gets uglier still. En route to slaughter, farm animals may legally spend anywhere from 36 to 72 hours without food, water or rest. They're not even afforded the "luxury" of temperature controlled trucks in extreme summer heat or sub-zero cold. hoist: v. lift (sth.) to a higher position, usually using ropes 他勉强把马莉背上了肩。 With some difficulty he hoisted Mary onto his shoulders. A helicopter hoisted the final section of the bridge into place. Agriculture Canada has estimated that more than 3 million Canadian farm animals die slow and painful deaths en route to slaughter each year.

TEXT-W-come second to I looked on in utter shock as a cow missed the stun gun and was hoisted fully conscious upside down by its hind leg and cut to pieces, thrashing until its last breath. Noticing my shock, the foreman remarked: "Who cares? They're going to die anyway." Because it can cost hundreds of dollars per minute to stop the conveyor line, animal welfare comes second to profit. Over 150,000 animals are "processed" every hour of every working day in Canada, according to Agriculture Canada. The picture gets uglier still. En route to slaughter, farm animals may legally spend anywhere from 36 to 72 hours without food, water or rest. They're not even afforded the "luxury" of temperature controlled trucks in extreme summer heat or sub-zero cold. come second to: be less important than The manager said that making profits came second to the employees’ health. 国家利益高于一切。 The interests of the country come second to none. Agriculture Canada has estimated that more than 3 million Canadian farm animals die slow and painful deaths en route to slaughter each year.

TEXT-s-9 I've also visited typical Canadian farms. Gone are the days when piglets snorted and roosters strutted their way about the barnyard. Most of today's modernized farms have long, windowless sheds in which animals live like prisoners their entire lives. I have seen chickens crammed four to a cage, nursing pigs separated from their young by iron bars and veal calves confined to crates so narrow they couldn't turn around. Few of these animals ever experience sunlight or fresh air — and most of their natural urges are denied. Although it is difficult to face these harsh realities, it is even more difficult to ignore them. Three times a day, you make a decision that not only affects the quality of your life, but the rest of the living world. We hold in our knives and forks the power to change this world. Consider the words of Albert Einstein: "Nothing will benefit human health and increase the chances for survival of life on Earth as the Evolution to a vegetarian diet." Bon appetite.

TEXT-W-9 I've also visited typical Canadian farms. Gone are the days when piglets snorted and roosters strutted their way about the barnyard. Most of today's modernized farms have long, windowless sheds in which animals live like prisoners their entire lives. I have seen chickens crammed four to a cage, nursing pigs separated from their young by iron bars and veal calves confined to crates so narrow they couldn't turn around. Few of these animals ever experience sunlight or fresh air — and most of their natural urges are denied. Although it is difficult to face these harsh realities, it is even more difficult to ignore them. Three times a day, you make a decision that not only affects the quality of your life, but the rest of the living world. We hold in our knives and forks the power to change this world. Consider the words of Albert Einstein: "Nothing will benefit human health and increase the chances for survival of life on Earth as the Evolution to a vegetarian diet." Bon appetite.

TEXT-s-9.1 I've also visited typical Canadian farms. Gone are the days when piglets snorted and roosters strutted their way about the barnyard. Most of today's modernized farms have long, windowless sheds in which animals live like prisoners their entire lives. I have seen chickens crammed four to a cage, nursing pigs separated from their young by iron bars and veal calves confined to crates so narrow they couldn't turn around. Few of these animals ever experience sunlight or fresh air — and most of their natural urges are denied. Although it is difficult to face these harsh realities, it is even more difficult to ignore them. Three times a day, you make a decision that not only affects the quality of your life, but the rest of the living world. We hold in our knives and forks the power to change this world. Consider the words of Albert Einstein: "Nothing will benefit human health and increase the chances for survival of life on Earth as the Evolution to a vegetarian diet." Bon appetite. 1. Analyze the structure of the sentence. The sentence is inverted. It can be changed to “The days are gone when…” 2. What can be inferred from the sentence? “Gone” is stressed by inversion to imply that the author misses the past when animals could enjoy freedom. 3. Translate the sentence into Chinese. 猪崽喷着鼻息、公鸡在粮仓的空场上昂首行走的日子已经一去不复返。

TEXT-s-9.2 I've also visited typical Canadian farms. Gone are the days when piglets snorted and roosters strutted their way about the barnyard. Most of today's modernized farms have long, windowless sheds in which animals live like prisoners their entire lives. I have seen chickens crammed four to a cage, nursing pigs separated from their young by iron bars and veal calves confined to crates so narrow they couldn't turn around. Few of these animals ever experience sunlight or fresh air — and most of their natural urges are denied. Although it is difficult to face these harsh realities, it is even more difficult to ignore them. Three times a day, you make a decision that not only affects the quality of your life, but the rest of the living world. We hold in our knives and forks the power to change this world. Consider the words of Albert Einstein: "Nothing will benefit human health and increase the chances for survival of life on Earth as the Evolution to a vegetarian diet." Bon appetite. Paraphrase this sentence. Only by changing to a vegetarian diet can human health obtain the best benefit and only by doing this can life on Earth have a better chance for survival.

TEXT-W- turn around I've also visited typical Canadian farms. Gone are the days when piglets snorted and roosters strutted their way about the barnyard. Most of today's modernized farms have long, windowless sheds in which animals live like prisoners their entire lives. I have seen chickens crammed four to a cage, nursing pigs separated from their young by iron bars and veal calves confined to crates so narrow they couldn't turn around. Few of these animals ever experience sunlight or fresh air — and most of their natural urges are denied. Although it is difficult to face these harsh realities, it is even more difficult to ignore them. Three times a day, you make a decision that not only affects the quality of your life, but the rest of the living world. We hold in our knives and forks the power to change this world. Consider the words of Albert Einstein: "Nothing will benefit human health and increase the chances for survival of life on Earth as the Evolution to a vegetarian diet." Bon appetite. turn around: move in order to face the opposite direction Please turn around and let me look at your back. 她把全部家具都调了位置. She turned all the furniture around. Collocation: turn a blind eye to 对…装作视而不见 turn against 对…采取敌对态度 turn down 拒绝 turn out 生产，制造 turn up 出现，发生 turn up one’s nose at 对…嗤之以鼻

TEXT-W- ignore I've also visited typical Canadian farms. Gone are the days when piglets snorted and roosters strutted their way about the barnyard. Most of today's modernized farms have long, windowless sheds in which animals live like prisoners their entire lives. I have seen chickens crammed four to a cage, nursing pigs separated from their young by iron bars and veal calves confined to crates so narrow they couldn't turn around. Few of these animals ever experience sunlight or fresh air — and most of their natural urges are denied. Although it is difficult to face these harsh realities, it is even more difficult to ignore them. Three times a day, you make a decision that not only affects the quality of your life, but the rest of the living world. We hold in our knives and forks the power to change this world. Consider the words of Albert Einstein: "Nothing will benefit human health and increase the chances for survival of life on Earth as the Evolution to a vegetarian diet." Bon appetite. ignore: v. refuse to pay attention to; take no notice of I tried to tell her but she ignored me. 那个司机不理会红绿灯。 The driver ignored the traffic light.

AR-Main After Reading 1. Useful Expressions 2. Spot Dictation
3. Word Completion 4. Word Matching 5. Summary Writing 6. Debate 7. Writing Practice 8. Talk about the Pictures 9. Proverbs and Quotations

AR-Useful Expressions1.1
1. 吃素 go veggie 2. 食物引起的疾病 food-borne illness 3. 无肉汉堡包 meat-free burgers 4. 以蔬菜为主的菜肴 plant-based cuisines 5. 转向素食 shift toward vegetarianism 6. 降低慢性病的危险 lower the risk of chronic disease 7. 严重的营养缺陷 serious nutritional drawbacks 8. 缺乏 be devoid of

9. 没什么不同 make little difference 10. 滋生地 breeding grounds 11. 屈服于压力 bow to pressure 12. 摈弃肉食 shift away from meat 13. 把植物转化为可食用肉类 convert plants to edible flesh 14. 出产，出版 get out 15. 臭氧层减少 ozone layer depletion 16. 万分震惊地目睹 look on in utter shock

17. 被倒挂起来 be hoisted upside down 18. 不如…重要 come second to 19. 温控卡车 temperature controlled trucks 20. 毫不令人吃惊 come as no surprise 21. 投入于，献身于 be devoted to 22. 食物链 food chain

AR- Spot Dictation Spot Dictation
Directions: Fill in the blanks with the words you hear. Vegetarianism, practice of eating foods from the plant There are several types of While all some or all animal foods — that is, meat, , fish, eggs, and milk — semi-vegetarians avoid meat but eat poultry and other animal foods. Lacto-ovo-vegetarians avoid poultry and fish as well as meat, but do include milk and eggs in their The only animal foods by lacto-vegetarians are milk products. Some vegetarians practice veganism, eating no animal foods at all. Many vegans avoid wearing animal products, such as and , and are also more likely than other vegetarians to shun alcoholic , processed foods, and foods grown with chemical or pesticides. _______ kingdom vegetarians __________ avoid _____ _____ poultry ____ diets consumed ________ ______ leather _____ wool beverages _________ _______ fertilizers ■

AR- Word Completion 2 Word Completion Directions:
Choose the suitable word or expression from the list and complete the following sentences, change the form where necessary. boost bow to chronic drawback exclude ignore infect intake heighten recommendation refer to retrieve uncover unfortunately unparalleled 1. Which departments did the president in his speech? ______ refer to 2. The country is facing a crisis since World War II. unparalleled _________ 3. The report makes the that people should take healthy diets. _____________ recommendation 4. Soon after the Watergate scandal came to light, investigators a related group of illegal activities. ________ uncovered

AR- Word Completion 2 boost bow to chronic drawback exclude ignore infect intake heighten recommendation refer to retrieve uncover unfortunately unparalleled 5. There is a shortage of teachers in our department. chronic ______ 6. The theater managed to its audiences by cutting ticket prices. _____ boost 7. One of the of sharing an apartment is having to share a bathroom. _________ drawbacks 8. Sheep and goats may be with the foot-and-mouth disease without showing any symptoms. ______ infected I didn't have my credit card with me or I’d certainly have bought it. ___________ Unfortunately 10. The government refused to public pressure. bow to _____ 11. Computers are used to store and information efficiently. _______ retrieve 12. His wife asked him to reduce his alcohol _______. intake

AR- Word Completion3 boost bow to chronic drawback exclude ignore infect intake heighten recommendation refer to retrieve uncover unfortunately unparalleled 13. The terrorists attack on the World Trade Center prompted President Bush to security measures at US airports. _______ heighten 14. Women are still from the club. excluded _______ 15. He knew there was a speed limit but he it and drove very fast. _______ ignored

AR- Summary Writing Word Matching ___ h unparallelled
a. taking in something ___ b stubborn b. determined not to change attitude ___ j degenerative c. cause to become higher or more intense ___ i edible d. run after something in order to catch them ___ g contaminate e. very effective and powerful ___ c heighten f. disadvantage or problem ___ a intake g. pollute by dirt, chemicals or radiation ___ d chase h. so great, that it has no equal ___ f drawback i. fit or suitable to be eaten ___ e potent j. getting or likely to get worse

AR- Debate Summary Writing
Scientific research has provided enough evidence to prove that (我们一向利用不合适的养料来维持人类生理引擎的运转) ，They are not safe and healthy foods. They have many (营养缺陷) 　For example, they are (缺乏) fiber. And they may contain many kinds of bacteria, which can do harm to man’s health. On the contrary, plant foods are healthy and reliable. A vegetarian diet (可以降低人们患慢性疾病的危险) . Furthermore, animal-based agriculture (严重地毁坏了环境) To raise, feed, shelter, transport, process and package the farm animals slaughtered every year (需要耗费大量的水和其它能源) .Much of the agricultural land (被用来放牧和种饲料) (因为动物在把植物转化为可食用的肉类这方面的效率很低) ______________________________________________ __________________ human biological engine on the wrong fuel — animal food we’ve been running the nutritious drawbacks _______ _________. ________ devoid of can lower people’s risk of chronic disease ____________________ ____________ severely destroys/damages the environment ____________________________________ requires a large amount of water and energy _____________ ______________________ _________________________________________ is devoted to grazing and growing food for animals ____________________________________ _________________ Because animals are inefficient at converting plants to edible flesh , it takes, for example,

AR- Debate2 Animals are alive. They cannot think but they can feel. Before they are killed for meat (他们过着悲惨的，不正常的生活) They are raised within very narrow spaces. (他们天生的欲望大都得不到满足) Many animals cannot endure the bad living conditions enroute to slaughter so that (他们痛苦地慢慢死去) Let’s go veggie! The knives and forks in our hands (拥有改变世界的力量) 8.4 kilograms of grain to produce one kilogram of pork. After putting so many resources into animals, what we get out is the huge amount of animal manure, which causes serious environmental pollution. they live miserable and unnatural lives __________________ ____________. ______________________________ Most of their natural urges are denied they die slow and painful deaths __________________________. _____________________________________. have/possess the power to change this world

AR- Writing Practice Debate Directions:
Two groups of people are divided as to whether we should insist on a vegetarian diet or not. Now prepare and debate by taking the following steps: Step Form teams Make teams of four people. Half of the teams will take the side of Group A and the other half Group B. Step Have a pre-debate discussion Prepare your arguments and supporting facts with the information you have both from the text or discussions. Step Hold the debate The debate begins between the two teams having contrary views. It will go on until one side fails to respond.

AR- Writing Practice2 Should We Go Veggie All the Time? Group A
Group B Group A Topic: A vegetarian diet, safe and healthy, brings us a great many benefits. And stopping eating animal foods helps protect animal rights. We should insist on eating a vegetarian diet forever. Tips: We insist that… As far as we are concerned,… We are inclined to…

AR- Writing Practice3 Group B
Topic: Although animal foods have some drawbacks, we should not wipe them off our dining table. They are indispensable to a balanced diet. Tips: We strongly suggest that … Why not…? We hold the belief that …

Paragraph Development by Cause and Effect
AR- Writing Practice4 Writing Practice Paragraph Development by Cause and Effect 1. Explanation When we investigate the reason for something, we are either answering the question, Why did this happen? or, What will this do? The answer to the first question we label cause; the answer to the second question we label effect. Cause explains what has happened in the past; effect predicts what will happen in the future. In order to assess a causal connection in any analysis, we need to distinguish among three kinds: necessary, sufficient and contributory. A necessary cause is one that must be present for the effect to occur, but it alone cannot make the effect occur. A sufficient cause is one that can produce a given effect by itself. A contributory cause is one that may produce an effect, but cannot produce the effect by itself. A paragraph developed by cause-and-effect analysis usually follows the structure below.

AR- Writing Practice5 Topic Sentence Identifies effects or causes; states thesis Body Cause 1 or Effect 1 Cause 2 or Effect 2 Cause 3 or Effect 3 … Conclusion Reviews causes; establishes their relationship to effect OR: Reconsiders effects; connects them to cause There are three basic ways of organizing cause-effect analysis in a single paragraph or in the entire text: chronological, order of importance, and categorical. Tips: Transitional Words and Phrases for Cause-and-Effect Analysis Causes: because, the reason…, the cause…, one of the reasons…, one of the causes…, due to…, since… Effects: as a result, consequently, one result is…, one of the results is... , thus, therefore

AR- Writing Practice6 2. Sample
The text from paragraph 13 to paragraph 21 is organized by cause-and-effect analysis, which can be illustrated by the following chart. Causes Effect 1 A lot of water and energy and other resources are required for animal-based agriculture. Animal-based agriculture is one of the most environmentally destructive industries on the face of the Earth. 2 Using too much land greatly damages the ecosystems. 3 Manure excreted by animals has contaminated the environment. 4 Methane coming from livestock contributes a lot to global warming and ozone layer depletion.

Population Problem in China
AR- Writing Practice7 3. Homework Writing 1 Directions: Write an essay based on the title and outlines given below, using cause-and-effect analysis. Population Problem in China 1. 我国人口问题十分严重 2. 造成这一问题的原因 3. 政府如何解决这一问题

AR- Writing Practice8 The population in China is becoming a more and more serious problem today. According to the statistics of census, the net increase per year in our country is 20 million, equal to the whole population of Australia. Why has this huge increase in population taken place? The reason is as follows. First, family planning did not draw special attention until the 1970s in our country. The adults born before that period, in turn, now begin giving their own childbirth, which has brought about today’s birth peak. In addition, babies rarely die of serious diseases and old people can live longer than ever before since living conditions and public health services have been improving. However, the government has taken a series of measures to solve the problem. For example, it advocates late marriage and birth control; encourages eugenic childbirth (优生)；awards single-childbirth families and punishes exceeding-childbirth. Only in this way, can the birth rate be kept under 1.2%.

AR- Writing Practice9 Writing 2 Directions:
Write an essay based on the title and outlines given below, using cause-and-effect analysis. Fast Food 1. 快餐在中国十分流行，它是现代快节奏社会的最佳反映。 2. a. 快餐受欢迎有两条原因： b. 然而，从营养角度来讲，快餐却难如人意。 3. 对快餐还是以偶尔品尝为宜。

AR- Writing Practice3.3 Fast food is becoming more popular in China, especially among children and teenagers. Today, it's certainly difficult to think of any other single thing that represents the fast pace of modern society as powerfully as fast food. There are several reasons for its popularity. First, it is very convenient and saves a lot of time. The trends of modern society seem to all point to one ultimate goal — saving time, and fast food well serves this purpose. You just go into a fast food restaurant, order your food, and your food is ready in no time. You can either eat it there or take it away. Second, its popularity is also attributed to the clean and comfortable environment of fast food restaurants, the excellent service, and the guaranteed quality of food. However, in terms of nutrition, fast food is far from satisfactory. It usually does not compose a balanced diet and is low in nutritional value. Thus, doctors suggest that people, especially children, eat fast food as little as possible. Although cooking at home is time-consuming and the following washing-up tiresome, it offers healthy and delicious meals your body likes and needs. Fast food is only a good choice when you are in a hurry and turn to it once in a while.

AR- Talk about the Pictures

AR- Proverbs and Quotations 1
1. Health is above wealth. 健康胜过财富。 2. In fair weather, prepare for foul. 未雨绸缪。 3. Nature is conquered by obeying her. 顺应自然方能征服自然。 4. As you make your bed, so you must lie on it. 自作自受。

AR- Proverbs and Quotations 2
5. Feed by measure and defy physician. 饮食有节，医生绝迹。 6. The best physicians are Dr. Diet, Dr. Quiet, and Dr. Merryman. 节食博士，静心博士，欢喜博士，三者都是最好的医师；饮食少，休息好，快乐多是祛病延年之方。 7. To err is human, to forgive divine. — Alexander Pope, British poet 犯错乃人之常情，宽恕则属超凡。 —— 英国诗人，亚历山大·博谱

BR-main Before Reading 1. The Fate of a Horse 2. Word-web

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