1. Caty PilachowskiIUB Astronomy Giant Telescopes, Ancient Skies:

2. Beginnings… This sketch of a telescope was included in a letter written by Giovanpattista della Porta in August 1609

3. Thomas Harriet’s Drawings of the Moon and Sun

4. Telescopes and how they work from lenses… to mirrors

5. Technology moves forward…

6. The 3.5-meter WIYN telescope Kitt Peak, Arizona

7. New Telescope Technology  “Fast” mirror  Lightweight mirror  Mirror shape controlled  Mechanically simpler mount  Temperature control

8. The WIYN Mirror

9. The WIYN New Technology “Dome”  Compact telescope chamber  Open for ventilation  Insulated to keep cool  Heated spaces kept separate

10. Breaking the “cost curve” New technology provides better performance at lower cost WIYN

11. in 6-8 meter telescopes WIYN TECHNOLOGY

12. New technology telescopes give new views of the universe  How is the Universe put together?  What is the Universe made of?  Is there life elsewhere?

13. How is the Universe put together?  The Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe tells us about the state of the Universe 400,000 years after the Big Bang. How did the Universe evolve from this…

14. …to this?

15. The cosmic web of intergalactic gas and galaxies in a young universe Intergalactic gas Clumps concentrated by dark matter lead to galaxies Observing the assembly of galaxies Galaxy building blocks observed with Hubble Simulation

16. WMAP also provides evidence of the first stars  Tiny fluctuations in polarization  About 200 million years after the Big Bang

17. Can we see the first stars? Simulation What we might see with a 30-meter telescope (Barton et al., 2004) 4 million LY hydrogen emission from hot stars Green=hot gasyellow=stars

18. The composition of stars and gas: everything else 90% hydrogen atoms 10% helium atoms Less than 1% everything else What is the Universe made of?

19. But ordinary matter is only part of the story… 96% of the Universe is something else

20. Galaxy interactions require more mass than we can see Antennae Galaxy (HST) Computer simulation The real thing

21. Dark Matter  The universe contains additional matter we cannot see  Dark matter interacts with normal matter through gravity  Dark matter does NOT interact with light the way the normal matter does  The Universe contains 5 or 6 times MORE dark matter than normal matter  All galaxies are embedded in clouds of dark matter  We do not know what it is!

22. “Redshift” of Galaxies  The spectra of galaxies are shifted to the red: galaxies are moving away from us.  The farther away a galaxy is, the faster it recedes from us!

23. Hubble’s Law

24. The speeds of very distant galaxies tell us the Universe is expanding faster today than in the past The brightness of stellar explosions tells us how far away galaxies are

25. The universe is expanding faster today than it did in early times This expansion cannot be caused by ordinary or dark matter, which slows expansion. The acceleration suggests a new repulsive force (anti-gravity) acting on very large scales The Universe is speeding up!

26.  Dark energy accounts for 73% of the content of the universe  Dark matter accounts for 23%  The content we’re familiar with is only 4% The New Force Is Called “Dark Energy”

27.  We don’t know What is Dark Energy? Identifying what dark energy is requires bigger telescopes and new techniques

28. Is there life elsewhere? Artist’s conception of 55 Cancri’s planetary system More than 150 planets found around other stars Most are vastly different from our Solar System

29.  detecting planets directly is hard  planets are small and dim  planets are near much brighter stars  detecting planets directly requires large telescopes (30-meters) and/or special instruments Detecting Planets

30. Imaging planets around other stars “Brown Dwarf” orbiting a star at the same distance as Saturn from our Sun Gemini/Keck AO detection by Michael Liu (IfA), 2002

31. With a 30-meter telescope we can obtain the spectra of planets around other stars to search for the signatures of life Simulation by Sudarsky et al. 2003 Simulation of the spectra of 55 Cancri’s planets

32. Connecting the First Nanoseconds to the Origin of Life

33. New Telescopes to Answer New Questions  30-meter telescope  8-meter survey telescope  James Webb Space Telescope  Virtual Observatory

34. The giant, segmented-mirror telescope To study the formation of the first stars and galaxies will require a new generation of larger telescopes Bigger than a football field! JWST

35.  8.4-meters  Triple-fold optical design  3 billion pixel-camera  30,000 gigabytes each night LSST Large-aperture Synoptic Survey Telescope  Survey the sky each week  Real-time data analysis  3 billion sources + transients

36. Exploring the Dark Universe with LSST

37. WIYN and the Future: ODI  One Degree Imager  1 billion pixels:  32,000 x 32,000 pixels  “on chip” image correction

38.  text The importance of image quality typical ground- based image Hubble image WIYN image The Ring Nebula

39. ODI in the Astronomical Landscape The best wide-field imager, current or planned Diagnostic Imaging Information rate 2nd only to LSST (in 2012+) Image quality  median seeing 0.7”  sampling 0.11”  image correction Time resolution  2-4s readouts  faster for small regions

40. IU Science with ODI  Star clusters and stellar evolution  The history of nearby galaxies  Surveys of faint and distant galaxies

41. Astronomy is looking up