1. Kingdom: Monera

2. General characteristics
Prokaryotic (no nucleus or membrane bound organelles)
Most are unicellular (some live in colonies)
Nobody seems to be able to agree on how they should be grouped!! (eek)

3. Phylum: Schizophyta
Largest group, contains common bacteria and Eubacteria
Most are heterotrophs (take in food)
Some are autotrophs (make their own food)

4. Basic shapes:
Bacilli: rod shaped
Spirilli: spiral or double helix
Cocci: circular
Long chains called streptococci

6. Phylum: Cyanophyta The “Blue- green” algae
Actually contains many pigments. Colours can range from blue to red to black
Contain chlorophyll for photosynthesis
Are found in hotsprings, polluted water, swimming pools (make rocks and pool walls very slick)

7. Phylum: Prochlorophyta
Photosynthetic microbes which live in marine organisms

8. Phylum: Archaebacteria
Methanogens: bogs, swamps, sewage plants
Halophiles: high salt areas (the dead sea)
Thermophiles: likes acidic/hot (hot springs)

9. Nutrition: how monera “eat”
Heterotrophs: get food from others
Parasites get their food from living organisms without killing the host
Saprophytes get their food from the dead (bacteria which break down corpses or old trees)

10. Autotrophs: make their own food
Photosynthesis: change light energy into chemical energy
CO2 + H2O + sunlight --> glucose + O2
Chemosynthesis: energy from chemicals
CO2 + H2S --> (CH2O)n + H2O + S

11. Obtaining energy/respiration
Humans and animals have to breathe to obtain O2 for respiration
The purpose of respiration is to release energy from food so we can function
Organisms which require oxygen for respiration are called aerobes
Glucose + O2 --> CO2 + H2O + energy

12. Fermentation
Not all monerans require oxygen to release energy from food
These organisms go through fermentation
Less energy from fermentation than respiration
glucose --> C2H5OH + CO2 + energy

13. Obligate anaerobes: need an environment without O2 to live
Facultative anaerobes: can survive with or without O2. (ex: E.coli in digestive tract)

14. Reproduction Asexual: binary fission DNA doubles
Cell splits in two (clones)
Important for increasing numbers

15. Sexual: conjugation
Cell to cell contact with a “cytoplasm bridge”
Small rings or genetic material (plasmids) are transferred from donor to recipient
Allows for variation in bacteria

16. Effects of Bacteria Harmful Disease (bubonic plague, strep throat)
Food spoilage
Helpful
Digestion
Making yogurt and cheese
Toxic/poison eating microbes (oil spills)
Recycling plants/animals in the environment