1. MILESTONE Helping Patients Microwave heating A bit of theory

2. MILESTONE Helping Patients Theory of microwave heating c  H Microwaves are electromagnetic radiations

3. MILESTONE Helping Patients Microwaves are not ionising radiation Microwaves energy is largely below the energy necessary to break the bonds of common organic molecules H-OH5,2 CH3-CH33,8 Hydrogen bond (water)0,21 Chemical bond energy (eV) Microwaves radiation (2.450 MHz) quantum energy (eV) 0,0016Energy Theory of microwave heating

4. MILESTONE Helping Patients Wavelengths range from 1mm to 1m Frequency allowed for commercial, medical and scientific applications: 2,450 MHz (12.2 cm wavelength) Heating is caused by - Dipole rotation - Ionic migration Theory of microwave heating

5. MILESTONE Helping Patients Dipole rotation - - + Electric Field t=0ns  H H H H O  Loss of energy in form of heat

6. MILESTONE Helping Patients - - + Electric Field t=0ns Cl - Ionic migration Loss of energy in form of heat

7. MILESTONE Helping Patients The three parameters of the microwaves:  Dielectric constant e ’ (polarizing level of a molecule in an electromagnetic field)  Dielectric loss e ” (efficiency of the microwave conversion in heat)  Tangent loss  (material capability of absorbing microwaves = e ” /e ’ ) Microwave Theory energy

8. MILESTONE Helping Patients Interaction Microwave/Materials

9. MILESTONE Helping Patients Microwave Theory Penetration

10. MILESTONE Helping Patients Interaction of materials with microwaves METALS WATER PTFE, PP, TPX  Reflective  Absorptive  Transparent to Microwaves

11. MILESTONE Helping Patients Metals Water, alcohols PTFE, PP, Cassette, WAX, Glass Transparent to Microwaves  Absorptive  Reflective Interaction of materials with microwaves

12. MILESTONE Helping Patients It’s a kind of low power energy carried by micro-waves Internal direct heating is our advantage It’s a physical effect, neither chemical nor magical Microwave heating: where’s the magic?

13. MILESTONE Helping Patients Reality Microwaves cook my samples Rapid processing = poor morphology Antigens will be lost forever Molecular studies are not possible Day processing is useless Microwaves create physical heat like conventionals do but internally the tissues. Better homogenity & efficiency. Today’s technology makes 12-14hours a useless waste of time. Quality is guaranteed priority. Diagnostic equivalence is validated by studies showing optimal antigen reactivity. Microwave do not affect DNA, RNA and proteins’ quality at all. Day processing = same day diagnosis = patient centric care Perception

14. MILESTONE Helping Patients Conventional Heating The temperature of the outside surface of the vessel is in excess of the boiling point of the solution then Container is heated first then the solution. CONDUCTIVE HEATING SOLUTION CONVECTIVE CURRENTS

15. MILESTONE Helping Patients Microwave heating Shorter Reaction Times first Solution is heated first MICROWAVE HEATING SOLUTION

16. MILESTONE Helping Patients Microwave effect This is an experimental proof Fresh sample of animal’s muscle were sectioned in two mirror blocks (Fig.1 A-B), approximately 8cm3 each (20x20x20mm) AB

17. MILESTONE Helping Patients Place a beaker containing 100ml ethanol on an electronic controlled hot plate. Set the temperature at 70°C. When temperature is reached immerse the specimen A in this solution for 5 minutes. Place a beaker containing 100ml Ethanol in an laboratory RHS type microwave tissue processor. Set the temperature at 70°C. When the temperature is reached immerse the specimen B in this solution for 5 minutes. Microwave effect Hot Plate Heating Microwave Heating A A B

18. MILESTONE Helping Patients Microwave effect After 5 minutes samples were removed from respective solution AB …and immediately bisected

19. MILESTONE Helping Patients Microwave effect A B RESISTANCE HEATING MICROWAVE HEATING Slight hardening in the outer part only no sign of alcohol penetration and dehydration in the internal area. The specimen was still soft Complete hardening in the total area the MW stimulated enhanced diffusion of alcohol into the inner area complete dehydration/hardening is indicated by the color change

20. MILESTONE Helping Patients Thank you