1. KINGDOM MONERA

2. Monerans The most successful organisms on earth
Longevity - bacteria have been around for 4 billion years
Bacteria can reproduce every 15 minutes
Bacteria live anywhere and everywhere

3. There are more bacterial cells living in your body than you have body cells!
Wash your hands before eating lunch!

4. Tip of Thumb Tack!
GROSS!

5. Why are Monerans so successful?
Monerans have a Prokaryotic cell structure
Without monerans, life could not exist
Monerans ….
Recyclers / Decomposers
At the bottom of the food chain
Provide a large portion of Earth’s oxygen

6. All living organisms are descended from Monerans

7. Monerans are Prokaryotic
Monerans do not have a nucleus or other membrane bound organelles
Monerans are very small (10-50x smaller than a typical human cell but larger than viruses)

8. Moneran Structures Cell membrane Cell wall(s)
DNA (and sometimes a second piece of DNA called a PLASMID)
Ribosomes
Cytoplasm
Flagellum and/or pili
Sketch the drawing in your notes (or page 361 in your text)

9. What are bacteria good for?
Making yogurt
Cleaning up oil spills
Help digestion
Waste management
Producing vaccines

10. Classification of Monerans
4 Main Phyla
Eubacteria
Ex: E.coli, streptococcus
Archaebacteria
Known for living in extreme environments
Cyanobacteria
Photosynthesis (pigment: phycocyanin)
Prochlorobacteria
Photosynthesis
(chloroplasts)

11. PHYLUM EUBACTERIA Means “true” bacteria Cell membrane and wall
Mobile forms have 1 or more flagella

12. PHYLUM ARCHAEBACTERIA
Have different ribosomes, membranes and cell walls than Eubacteria
Can live in extremely harsh environments
Some are ANAEROBIC (do not require Oxygen)
Anaerobic bacteria are found in places such as digestive tracts of animals. These archaebacteria are called Methanogens because they produce Methane Gas.
They are also found in thick mud and salty lakes

13. Moneran cell shapes Rod shape BACILLUS Spherical shape COCCUS
Spiral shape SPIRILLUM
Draw each shape

14. Number of cell walls
How can you tell how many cell wall layers a bacterium has?
Gram staining (by Hans Gram) – uses 2 dyes: safranine (red) and crystal violet (purple)
1 layer cell wall will stain purple (Gram +)
2 layer cell wall will stain red (Gram -)
This is important when deciding what type of antibiotic to use!

15. Gram staining

16. Movement Some do not move Some have 1 or more Flagella
Some Glide on slime
Spiral shaped bacteria spirals or lashes around

17. Obtaining energy 1. Autotrophic
Chemotrophic autotroph – uses inorganic material to make food
Phototrophic autotroph – uses light to make food
2. Heterotrophic
Chemotrophic heterotroph – taking in organic material as food (Salmonella)
Phototrophic heterotroph – can make own energy but also have to take in organic materials

18. Salmonella poisoning

19. Methods of producing cellular energy
Cellular respiration (aerobic respiration – requires oxygen to survive) “obligate aerobes”
Food+O2 -> cellular energy
Fermentation (anaerobic respiration - no oxygen required to survive) “obligate anaerobes”
Food -> cellular energy
“Facultative anaerobes” (can survive with or without oxygen)

20. What is a Petri dish used for? What kingdom does Bacteria belong to?
What is a culture?
A group of growing bacteria
What is a thermophile?
An organism that thrives in extremely hot environments
What is a Petri dish used for?
Used to collect and culture bacteria
What kingdom does Bacteria belong to?
Monera