1. Digital Media Dr. Jim Rowan ITEC 2110 Thursday, September 13

2. Roll call Sanchez-Casas, Jon F. Simson, Davis Sinnock, Grant A. Swaim, Mark S. Tran, Dung Q. Vyas, Anand A. Woldeyohannes, Tesfamichael Barton, Paul H. Bois, Lauren C. Bonds, Allison E. Duncan, Jarred T. Lawson, Joseph I. Mulongo, Julio B. Pennison, Heather L. Reilly, Daniel J.

3. Roll call Jones, Crystal L. Marsh, Kerreen A. Thompson, Daniel G. Tran, Christopher V.

4. vector graphics: shapes shapes are inherently defined internally makes it easy to move the shapes around straight lines are created with a line tool –internally the line is stored as its endpoints connected lines are stored as a polyline –internally the polyline is stored as a series of points closed polylines form a shape

5. vector graphics: rectangles and squares rectangles can be described by two corners squares are special cases of the rectangle

6. vector graphics: ellipses and circles ellipses can be described by two points circles are special cases of the ellipses http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellipse

7. vector graphics: curves Question: How would you draw a curve using a computer with a mouse? You can’t draw smooth lines very easily Create a tool with handles based on the Bezier curve that can be manipulated by those handles

8. Lines and curves Bezier curves can be smoothly joined together An anchor point is the point where one joins the other When a curve closes on itself it is considered a closed curve When it doesn’t it’s an open curve

9. Lines and curves Closed (and open for that matter) lines can be filled –This is how drawn shapes become objects like the cowboy on Toy Story –solid color, patterns or gradient (linear or radial) –Patterns are built of tiles that match when placed side to side Lines have ends –ends can be messy when joined –mitre, rounded, square, bevel

10. Manipulating objects AKA closed curves Translation is a simple up/down side-to- side movement Scaling: make bigger or smaller Rotation about a point Reflection about a line

11. Object fills Solid color Patterns Gradients –linear –radial

12. 3-D... 3 dimensions x, y and z x & y form the ground plane z is the height

13. 3-D Way more complex than 2-D 3-D shapes (objects) are defined by their surfaces Made even more complicated by the fact that a 3-D object inside the computer must be translated into 2-D to be rendered on a computer screen... –This results in the need to specify the viewpoint

14. Structural hierarchy Things in the real world are compositions of smaller things Things in the 3-D graphics world are also compositions of smaller things Hierarchical structure is an excellent way of coping with complexity Also seen in object-oriented programming like Java and Squeak!

15. Structural hierarchy Car –Wheels (4) tire wheel hubcap –Doors (2) handles –inside »lever –outside »button »handle window(s) –Lights headlights (2) tail lights (2+) stop lights (2+)

16. 3-D: additional complexity lighting –natural –artificial atmosphere surface texture rendering is extremely computationally expensive (demanding)

17. 3-D models Constructive solid geometry –uses geometric solids: cube, cylinder, sphere and pyramid –objects build by squishing and stretching those objects –objects joined using union, intersection and difference

18. 3-D models constructive solid geometry Union –new object is made from the space occupied by both objects Intersection –new object is made of the space that the two objects have in common Difference new object is made from

19. 3-D models Free Form Uses an object’s surface (it’s boundary with the world) to define it Build surfaces from flat polygons or curved patches –flat polygons are easier to render and therefore frequently used in games where computational power is limited Results in an object drawn as a “mesh” Can be done using Bezier surface patch but have 16 control points More tractable patch uses a surface called a non- rational B-spline

20. 3-D models Free Form: Extrusion Draw a 2 dimensional shape through space along a line The line can be straight or curved

21. 3-D models Procedural modelling Objects are defined by formulas Best known is based on Fractals Fractals –exhibit the same structure at all levels of detail –aka “self similar” –used to model natural objects Meatballs model soft objects Particle systems... many particles, few controls Physics... distribution of mass, elasticity, optical properties, laws of motion

22. 3-D Rendering Rendering engine handles the complexity Wire frames are used to preview objects and their position –can’t tell which surface is closer to us and which surface is hidden To save computation time, hidden surfaces are removed before rendering

23. 3-D rendering Lighting –Added to scene much like an object –spot light, point source, floodlight... –position and intensity Direct relationship between rendering quality and computational burden

24. 3-D rendering Shading... how light reacts with surface –Based roughly on physics but modified by heuristics Texture mapping –An image is mathematically wrapped around the object Light reflecting off objects of one color affect the color and lighting of surrounding objects –Two methods Ray tracing Complex... must be repeated for pixel in the image... photo-realistic results Radiosity

25. 3-D texture mapping An image is mathematically wrapped around the object

26. Questions?