1. The Digestive System
Chapter 14

2. Journey Through the System
Video

3. Functions: mechanical and chemical breakdown of food
       *absorption of nutrients
Consists of alimentary canal and accessory organs

4. Wall of the Alimentary Canal

5. Characteristics of the Canal
1.  Mucosa - protects tissues and carries absorption
2.  Submucosa - glands, blood vessels, nerves
3.  Muscular Layer - smooth muscle tissue, circular & longitudinal fibers, pushes food  (PERISTALSIS)
4.  Serosa (serous layer) - visceral perioneum, outer covering of the tube, lubricates surfaces (serous fluid)

7. Mixing Movements
Contractions mix food with digestive juices
Peristalsis - pushes food down the tube

8. Anatomy of the Mouth

9. Anatomy of a Tooth

10. Teeth
Incisors
Cuspid (canine)
Bicuspids
Molars

12. Tooth Decay

15. ROOT CANAL

16. Submandibular - below jaw Sublingual - under tongue
Salivary Glands
Parotid - ear, cheek
Submandibular - below jaw
Sublingual - under tongue

17. Pharynx 
nasopharynx
oropharynx
laryngopharynx

18. Esophagus esophageal hiatus is where it penetrates the diaphragm
cardiac sphincter at entrance to stomach

19. STOMACH MUSCLES:   Longitudinal, Circular, Oblique

20. Stomach Regions Cardiac Fundic Body (greater and lesser curvature)
Pyloric

21. Stomach Lining
Gastric Juices contain acids that break down food  - secreted by gastric glands
PEPSIN  - most important digestive enzyme for breaking down food
Mucus prevents stomach from digesting itself

22. Chyme - paste, after food has been broken down, released then into the duodenum via the pyloric sphincter valve
Rugae - folds within stomach
Gastric Pits contain glands to make juices

23. PANCREAS - secretes insulin which breaks down sugars
Pancreatic Juice also breaks down fat

24.  Liver
 1 large right lobe  | 1 smaller left lobe

25. Liver - ducts and vessels
Hepatic duct --> to common bile duct
Hepatic portal vein - circulates blood through liver

26. Liver Functions 1. blood glucose levels
2.  breakdown of lipids and fats
3.  protein metabolism
4.  stores vitamins
5.  destroys damaged RBCs
6.  removes toxins
7.  secretes bile

27. Remember Bili Lights?
Using bili lights is a therapeutic procedure performed on newborn or premature infants to reduce elevated levels of bilirubin. If blood levels of bilirubin become too high, the bilirubin begins to dissolve in the body tissues, producing the characteristic yellow eyes and skin of jaundice. 

28. Gall Bladder - under liver
          cystic duct --> common bile duct
          stores bile, digests fat
                 *gallstones may form

29. Membrane holds it together, contains blood vessels
Small Intestine
Starts at the pyloric sphincter
1.  Duodenum
2.  Jejunum
3.  Ileum
*Mesentery 
Membrane holds it together,  contains blood vessels

30. Greater Omentum
a  "curtain-like" membrane that covers the intestines, stores fat and lays like a drape

31. Greater Omentum

32. Intestinal villi - increase surface area to absorb nutrients, connect to vessels

33. The main function of the small intestine is to secrete chemicals that break down food and carry the nutrients away in the blood stream.  In one word:
ABSORPTION

34. Large Intestine Cecum Appendix Colon (4 parts) Rectum Anus
    Ascending     Transverse     Descending     Sigmoid
Rectum
Anus

35. Function of Large Intestine
Secretes mucus,  reabsorbs water, contains bacteria to aid in digestion  (intestinal flora)
Mass Movements (defecation) - removes undigested food
The main job is 
WATER REABSORPTION...

36. Types 1–2 indicate constipation, with 3 and 4 being the ideal stools (especially the latter), as they are easy to defecate while not containing any excess liquid, and 5, 6 and 7 tending towards diarrhoea.
Source: wiki

37. stomach
transverse colon
ascending colon
descending colon
cecum
appendix
sigmoid colon
rectum

38. 1.  esophagus
2.  liver
3.  stomach
4. pyloric sphincter
5.  duodenum
6.  pancreas
7.  jejunum
8.  ileum
9.  cecum
10. appendix
11.  ascending colon
12.  descending colon
13.  sigmoid colong
14.  anus

39. Digestion Activity

40. Part 2

41. Disorders of the Digestive System
GERD
Gastroesophageal reflux disease

42. Dysentery or Diarrhea

43. HEPATITIS  A, B, C

44. Hepatitis A
is caused by eating food and drinking water infected with a virus called HAV.  While it can cause swelling and inflammation in the liver, it doesn't lead to chronic disease. Almost everyone who gets hepatitis A has a full recovery, some may need hospitalization
Many people are recommended to receive hepatitis A vaccine, including people at increased risk for exposure to hepatitis A virus infection and people who are more likely to get seriously ill if infected with the virus

45. Hepatitis B is caused by the virus HBV
Hepatitis B is caused by the virus HBV. It is spread by contact with an infected person's blood, semen, or other body fluid. And, it is a sexually transmitted disease (STD).  
Some people never develop symptoms, others develop chronic symptoms that stay with them their whole life.  

46. Hepatitis C is caused by the virus HCV
Hepatitis C is caused by the virus HCV. It is spread the same way as hepatitis B, through contact with an infected person's blood, semen, or body fluid (see above). 
Like hepatitis B, hepatitis C causes swelling of the liver and can cause liver damage that can lead to cancer. Most people who have hepatitis C develop a chronic infection. This may lead to a scarring of the liver, called cirrhosis. 
Blood banks test all donated blood for hepatitis C, greatly reducing the risk for getting the virus from blood transfusions or blood products.

47. Crampy abdominal pain
Fatigue
Loss of appetite
Pain with passing stool (tenesmus); bloody stool
Persistent, watery diarrhea
Weight loss
Constipation

48. IBS - Irritable Bowel Syndrome
The muscles in the bowel wall may contract too forcefully or too weakly, too slowly or rapidly at certain times.

49. STOMACH ULCERS

50. Lactose Intolerance 
Inability to digest milk, can cause stomach upset

51. Appendicitis

52. Hernia
intestines poke through abdominal muscles

53. When people with celiac disease eat foods or use products containing gluten, their immune system responds by damaging or destroying villi
Without healthy villi, a person becomes malnourished, no matter how much food one eats.

54. Gallstones 
Gallstones are made from cholesterol and other things found in the bile. They can be smaller than a grain of sand or as large as a golf ball.

55. Gallstones within the gall bladder

56. Gastric Bypass Surgery

57. Colon Cancer Colonoscopy is a screening technique to detect cancer.
See Katie Couric's Colonoscopy

58. LABEL THIS!