1. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman

2. Chapter 9: Nominations and Campaigns I.The Nomination Game II.The Campaign Game III.Money and Campaigning IV.The Impact of Campaigns V.Understanding Nominations and Campaigns VI.Summary

3. I. The Nomination Game A.Deciding to Run B.Competing for Delegates C.The Convention Send-Off To Learning Objectives Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman

4. I. The Nomination Game 1.Nomination a)The official endorsement of a candidate for office by a political party. b)Success in the nomination game requires momentum, money, and media attention. 2.Campaign Strategy a)Master game plan that guides a candidate’s electoral campaign. LO 9.1 To Learning Objectives

5. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman I. The Nomination Game A.Deciding to Run 1.A presidential candidacy in the United States needs to be either announced or an “open secret” for at least a year before the election. a)How different from Europe? b)What type of person chooses to run? c)Does our system eliminate possible candidates? 2.Barack Obama made clear his intention to run for president in January 2007. LO 9.1 To Learning Objectives

6. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman I. The Nomination Game B.Competing for Delegates 1.National Party Convention – The supreme power within each party. a)Must win MAJORITY of delegate’s votes to win nomination. b)Before 1960s, state party leaders hand-picked delegates to convention thus having control over who would get the nomination. 2.McGovern-Fraser Commission – Formed in response to demands for reform by minority groups and others seeking better representation at the convention. a)Choose delegates via open/transparent method, such as primary or caucuses. b)Like electoral college, when voting in primary or caucuses, actually voting for delegates who are required to nominate the candidate receiving primary or caucus vote. 3.Super-delegates – Party leaders/office holders automatically get delegate slot at national party convention. LO 9.1 To Learning Objectives

7. LO 9.1 To Learning Objectives Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman

8. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aUKzSsVmnpY&feature= related This is a 5min youtube clip about ‘68 DNC

9. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman I. The Nomination Game B.Competing for Delegates 4.Caucus - A system for selecting convention delegates used in about a dozen mostly rural states in which voters must show up at a set time and attend an open meeting to express their presidential preference. a)Remember, when casting vote at a caucus, actually voting for a slate of delegates who must choose that candidate at the convention. LO 9.1 To Learning Objectives

10. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XebP 6GSy_6I

11. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman I. The Nomination Game B.Competing for Delegates (cont.) 5.Presidential primaries are elections in which a state’s voters go to the polls to express their preference for a party’s nominee for president. a)Remember, when casting vote in a primary, actually voting for a slate of delegates who must choose that candidate at the convention. 5.Frontloading – Recent tendency of states to hold caucuses/primaries early in the calendar to capitalize on media attention. LO 9.1 To Learning Objectives

12. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman I. The Nomination Game B.Competing for Delegates (cont.) 7.Evaluating the Primary and Caucus System – a)disproportionate attention goes to early ones; b)prominent politicians may choose not to run, too time consuming; c)money plays too big a role; d)participation is low and unrepresentative; e)too much power goes to the media. LO 9.1 To Learning Objectives

13. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman I. The Nomination Game C.The Convention Send-Off 1.Rallying point for parties. 2.Key note speaker on first day of Convention. 3.Party platform (2 nd day) – Goals and policies for next 4 years. 4.Formal nomination of president and vice- president candidates on third and fourth days. LO 9.1 To Learning Objectives

14. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman Barack Obama secures nomination with “proportional win” in South Dakota, 2008 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RR5JbbIVFmE Barack Obama nominated by acclamation at 2008 Democratic National Convention http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lCCm1A9bYUk

15. LO 9.1 To Learning Objectives Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman

16. II. The Campaign Game A.The High-Tech Media Campaign B.Organizing the Campaign To Learning Objectives Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman

17. II. The Campaign Game A.The High-Tech Media Campaign 1.Direct mail used to generate support and money for candidate. 2.Get media attention through advertising and free news coverage. a)Ex: campaign stop at a ribbon-cutting ceremony for a new factory will make the news. 3.The emphasis is on “marketing” a candidate because news stories focus more on the horse race than substantive policy issues. a)Horserace journalism – focusing only on who is leading in the polls. Reported almost daily. LO 9.2 To Learning Objectives

18. LO 9.2 To Learning Objectives Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman

19. II. The Campaign Game B.Organizing the Campaign 1.Get a campaign manager, a fund-raiser, and a campaign counsel (lawyer). 2.Hire media and campaign consultants. 3.Assemble staff, plan logistics, and get research staff, policy advisors, pollsters, and a good press secretary. 4.Establish a website. LO 9.2 To Learning Objectives

20. III. Money and Campaigning A.The Maze of Campaign Finance Reforms B.The Proliferation of PACs C.Are Campaigns Too Expensive? To Learning Objectives Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman

21. III. Money and Campaigning A.The Maze of Campaign Finance Reforms 1.Federal Election Campaign Act of 1974 a)created Federal Election Commission (FEC); b)provided public financing for presidential primaries and general elections (not for congressional/senatorial elections) c) limited presidential campaign spending; d) required disclosure (who contributed and what was $ spent on) e) limited contributions ($1,000 to a candidate) LO 9.3 To Learning Objectives

22. LO 9.3 To Learning Objectives Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman

23. III. Money and Campaigning A.The Maze of Campaign Finance Reforms (cont.) 2.Soft Money – Contributions for party building expenses or generic party advertising not subject to contribution limits. 3.McCain-Feingold Act (2002) a)bans soft money, b)increased amount of individual contributions ($2,000 to a candidate, increase annually by inflation index. Currently $2,600) c)limited issue ads LO 9.3 To Learning Objectives

24. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman Current contribution limits: http://www.fec.gov/pages/brochures/contriblimits.shtml

25. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman III. Money and Campaigning A.The Maze of Campaign Finance Reforms (cont.) 4.527 Groups – Independent groups seek to influence the political process but are not subject to contribution limits because they do not directly seek election of particular candidates. a)The name 527 Groups comes from Section 527 of the federal tax code by which they are governed. LO 9.3 To Learning Objectives

26. LO 9.3 To Learning Objectives Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman

27. III. Money and Campaigning B.The Proliferation of PACs 1.Political Action Committees are funding vehicles created by the 1974 campaign finance reforms. 2.A corporation, union, or some other interest group can create a political action committee (PAC) and register it with the Federal Election Commission. LO 9.3 To Learning Objectives

28. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman III. Money and Campaigning B.The Proliferation of PACs (cont.) 3.There were 4,611 PACs during the 2007– 2008 election cycle, which contributed $412.8 million to House and Senate candidates. 4.PACs donate to candidates who support their issue. 5.PACs do not buy candidates, but give to candidates who support them in the first place. LO 9.3 To Learning Objectives

29. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman SUPER PACs!! Super PACs!!!!! (from: http://uspolitics.about.com/od/firstamendment/a/What-Is-A-Super-Pac.htm) A super PAC is a relatively modern breed of political-action committee that is allowed to raise and spend unlimited amounts of money from corporations, unions, individuals and associations.political-action committee These were set up once Supreme Court allowed unlimited donations by corporations, labor unions, and non-profits, which previously were prohibited to contribute. (Citizens United v. FEC, 2010) These Super PACs can raise as much money as they want from anyone or any organization and spend it as they please to promote a cause or a candidate - as long as they don’t coordinate their efforts with a candidate or his/her campaign!

30. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman III. Money and Campaigning C.Are Campaigns Too Expensive? 1.Center for Responsive Politics estimated in 2008 that the contests for the presidency and Congress cost over $5 billion. 2.More congressional incumbents spend, the worse they do. 3.Doctrine of sufficiency – Spend enough money to get a message across to compete effectively. LO 9.3 To Learning Objectives

31. IV. The Impact of Campaigns A.Campaigns have three effects on voters. 1.Reinforcement – Reinforce voters’ preferences for candidates. 2.Activation – Voters contribute money or ring doorbells. 3.Conversion – Convert, changing voters’ minds. To Learning Objectives Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman

32. IV. The Impact of Campaigns B.Some factors tend to weaken campaigns’ impact on voters. 1.Selective perception – Most people pay attention to things they agree with and interpret events according to predispositions. 2.Party identification influence voting behavior. 3.Incumbents – Advantage of name recognition and a track record. LO 9.4 To Learning Objectives