1. B. What is everything made of? Element – Substance that can’t be broken down to any simpler substance, e.g. ____________, _____________, ______________ Atom – Basic unit of matter, smallest particle of an _______________. Compound – Pure substance made of two or more elements, e.g. ______________ _______________________ Molecule – Particle made of two or more __________ joined together. Smallest particle of a __________________ carbonoxygenhydrogen element water (H 2 O)carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) atoms compound

2. Q: What’s the difference between an atoms and molecules? Elements and compounds? A: Molecules are made up of two or more atoms joined together. Compounds are made up of two or more elements.

4. 1.Click on “Monosaccharides” 2.Puzzle piece? Right click, “Run this plug-in” 3.“Run” 4.Other problems? Go for whatever allows you to run this time, update later.

5. 3-D Molecules Essential Questions: What are the molecules that make up all living things?

6. Big Idea in Biology: Life Builds from the Bottom Up

7. Good Afternoon! Please get a computer, log on, and navigate to the Links section of the class website….

8. HW: Due today!

11. Finish for HW!

12. 1. Click on “Monosaccharides” in the Carbohydrates section, then click on the “Glucose” button. Right-click, select “Style,” then “ball & stick” and rotate it. a. What chemical elements is glucose made of? How many atoms of each element are there in one molecule of glucose? (See color key above) Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen 6 carbon, 12 hydrogen, 6 oxygen C 6 H 12 O 6

13. 1B. WHAT IS GLUCOSE AND WHY IS IT IMPORTANT TO ALL LIFE ON EARTH? The sugar plants make in photosynthesis. Glucose at beginning of ALL food chains. Life on Earth runs on sugar. (sugar)

14. Hydrothermal vent

15. Glucose is to living things as _________ is to cars. gas

16. 2. Click on “Back to Index,” then “Disaccharides,” then “Sucrose.” Change Style to “ball and stick” and rotate it. a. What elements is sucrose (table sugar) made of? How many atoms of each element in one sucrose molecule? b. Glucose is a monosaccharide; it is one simple sugar molecule based on a ring of carbon atoms. How many carbon rings do you see in a sucrose molecule? What do we call this kind of sugar? Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen 12 carbon, 22 hydrogen, 11 oxygen C 12 H 22 O 11 2 disaccharide

17. 3. WHAT ARE TWO MAIN FORMS OF CARBOHYDRATES AND WHAT IS THE MAIN FUNCTION OF CARBOHYDRATES IN LIVING THINGS Sugars and starches Main source of energy for all living things

18. 4. Click on “Back to Index,” then “Polysaccharides.” Find “Amylose”, a kind of starch, and click on the “X” button next to it. a. Change Style to “ball and stick” and rotate it. How many carbon rings do you see in this small section of an amylose molecule? 6 Amylose section Glucose molecule

19. 4b. Click on the button with a movie camera on it under “Amylose” to see what a large amylose molecule looks like. Hold down the Shift and Left-click buttons while moving your finger up and down the mouse pad to zoom in and out. Each carbon ring you see is a sugar molecule. WHICH MOLECULES ARE BIGGER, SUGAR OR STARCH? WHICH ARE BUILDING BLOCKS FOR WHICH? Starch molecules made up of sugar molecules joined together. Glucose molecule starch molecule Starch.

20. 5. Go back to Index and click on “Fatty acids” in the Lipids section. Click on the “X” button next to “palmitic acid” to see a saturated fat. Change display to “ball & stick” and rotate it. What elements is palmitic acid made of? How many atoms of each element? 6. Click on the “X” button next to “oleic acid” to see an unsaturated fat. Change display to “ball & stick” and rotate it. What elements is oleic acid made of? How many atoms of each element? carbon, hydrogen, oxygen 16 carbon, 32 hydrogen, 2 oxygen 18 carbon, 34 hydrogen, 2 oxygen

21. 7. WHAT ARE THE HEALTH RISKS ASSOCIATED WITH SATURATED FATS? Do you see anything in their molecular structures that may explain why this is so? Saturated fats clog arteries, causing high blood pressure & heart attacks. Sat. fat molecules straight, stack easier to form solid layers on artery walls.

22. 8. What are the two main forms of lipids and what is the main function of lipids in living things?? Fats and oils Store energy

24. 9. Go back to Index and click on “Hemoglobin” in the Proteins section. Change display to “ball & stick” and rotate it. a. How does this protein molecule compare in size to sugar molecules? Lipids? A lot bigger than both Where in your body is hemoglobin found…?

26. 9b. Change Style to “Cartoon.” Right-click again and select “Color,” then “Structures,” then “Cartoon,” then “Scheme,” then “Amino Acid.” Each different colored section you see represents an amino acid. How many different amino acids are there in hemoglobin? List the colors you see. 11: gray, white, green, blue, teal, blue-gray, orange, red, violet, peach, yellow

27. 9c. How are amino acids related to proteins? Proteins are made up of amino acids.

28. 10. Proteins are often referred to as the “workhorses of the body” because of the many functions they perform. IDENTIFY FOUR IMPORTANT FUNCTIONS OF PROTEINS IN LIVING THINGS. Building materials for muscle, bones, etc. Help transport things in and out of cells Help fight diseases (antibodies) Control rate of chemical reactions (enzymes)

29. 11. Go back to Index and click on “DNA” in the Nucleic Acids section. Change Style to “ball and stick.” What chemical elements is DNA made of? Click on “Color Schemes” at bottom of menu on right side to see color key for elements. Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus

30. 12. Use the mousepad to rotate the DNA molecule. How would you describe its shape? Double helix Twisted ladder, spiral

31. 13. WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF DNA IN LIVING THINGS? Carries genetic information for traits passed from parents to offspring ( hair color, eye color, etc.)

32. 14. Which three chemical elements were found in all the molecules you observed? Which one forms the “backbone” of all these molecules? Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen Carbon

33. 15. Take a look at the food pyramid below. What kind of foods are good sources of carbohydrates? Lipids? Proteins? Carbohydrates: Lipids: Proteins: Starch: Bread, cereal, rice, potato, pasta. Sugar: candy, soda pop, cake, etc. meat, poultry, dairy, fried foods Meat, poultry, fish, dairy, eggs, dry beans, nuts

34. 16. Why do you think it’s important to balance your diet with foods from all these groups rather than just some of them? Can’t get all the nutrients your body needs from one group. Need to eat from all groups to get all the nutrients you need.

36. Questions?

37. News Reports: Fructose vs. Glucose Fructose may lead to overeating http://seattletimes.com/html/nationworld/2020037233_fructos eeatingxml.html#.UOUcMJwQbpY.facebook Cancer cells prefer fructose to glucose http://www.reuters.com/article/2010/08/02/cancer-fructose- idAFN0210830520100802

38. A child’s palate has been stamped by evolution with inborn preferences and aversions and influenced by the mother’s diet during pregnancy. This ten-month-old boy has been subjected to a first encounter with broccoli at the Monell Chemical Senses Center in Philadelphia.

39. How sugar affects the brain http://ed.ted.com/lessons/how-sugar-affects-the-brain-nicole-avena?utm_source=TED- Ed+Subscribers&utm_campaign=6124d2a12a- 2013_09_219_19_2013&utm_medium=email&utm_term=0_1aaccced48-6124d2a12a-46516589 When you eat something loaded with sugar, your taste buds, your gut and your brain all take notice. This activation of your reward system is not unlike how bodies process addictive substances such as alcohol or nicotine -- an overload of sugar spikes dopamine levels and leaves you craving more…..

40. Questions?