1. UNIX What is UNIX? Getting Connected Basic UNIX Commands Help!
Working with Directories
Running Programs
Editors
The Shell
Exercise

2. What is UNIX? Multi-Tasking O/S Multi-User O/S
Available on a range of Computers

3. Which UNIX? SunOS Sun Microsystems IRIX Silicon Graphics
HP-UX Hewlett Packard
Linux For IBM PC compatibles

4. UNIX Internals (Simplified)
Kernel
System Internals
Shell
Command Interpreter
Programming language
File System
Process Management

6. UNIX Shells
C-Shell
Bourne Shell
Korn Shell
T-Shell
bash

7. Terminal Emulation Software
DOS Based Telnet
Windows 9x/NT/XP, Telnet and X Windows
Networked Macintosh, Telnet

8. Graphical UNIX via Exceed
X Concepts
Using the Exceed Software
Starting the Common Desktop Environment

9. Basic X Concepts X Server runs on local machine
PC Exceed
UNIX Workstation Included in OS
Apple Mac Exodus
X Client runs on remote machine
Graphical Application
xterm
file manager
Modelling Package

10. Basic X Concepts

11. The Common Desktop Environment

12. Starting CDE- XSession Options

13. Setting the XServer Options

14. Using Exceed :XTerm

15. Using Exceed to Start an XClient

16. Rules of Engagement UNIX is case sensitive Commands are in lower case
Backspace and Del Keys correct typing errors
Ctrl U clears the command line
Ctrl C Aborts a program or command
Do Not use the arrow keys

17. Filenames Filenames can comprise: Wildcards
a-z, A-Z alphabetic characters
0-9 digits
.-_+ special characters
mon+tue_
Wildcards
* means any character or sequence of characters

18. Format of UNIX commands
command [option ...] [filename ...]
eg: ls
ls -l tutorial
more tutorial

19. List Directory ls list directory ls -l list directory in long format
ls -a list all (inc. hidden) files
-rw l course Oct 18 11:05 hello.c
Access
Permissions
Number of bytes in file
Date and time last modified

20. Displaying a Text File more filename Spacebar next screenful
Enter next line
q quit
? list commands

21. Copy, Rename and Remove Copy a file Rename a file Remove a file
cp oldfile newfile
Rename a file
mv oldname newname
Remove a file
rm afile

22. Searching Files grep string file string = word or phrase
file = file or list of files

23. Redirection The output of a command usually goes to the screen
Redirect the output to a file using ‘>‘
ls -l > dirlist

24. Piping
Feeding the output of one command into the input of another command
The symbol ‘|’ is called a pipe
command | command
eg: ls -al | more
ls -la | grep Nov

25. Manual Pages
man command
man - k topic
man - k topic | more

26. Example Manual Pages Synopsis mv [ - ] [- fi] filename1 filename2
optional options
cp [ - ip] filename1 filename2
cp [ - iprR ] filename ... directory
rm [ - ] [ - fir ] filename ...
rmdir directory

27. Directory Structure / (root) usr home1 cs me ph cs4un1 cs4un2
/home1/cs/cs4un1

28. Directories pwd print working directory cd change directory
cd move to home directory
cd .. move up one level
cd mydir move into a subdirectory
cd /var/adm move to an absolute directory

29. Managing Filestore
Each user has an allocation of filestore (Disk Space)
Monitor filestore usage with the ‘quota’ command
EG: quota -v
Disk quotas for username (uid 20002)
Filesystem usage quota limit timeleft files quota limit timeleft
/stoat-g
The quota value can be exceeded for 7 days
quota < usage < limit for 7 days
The limit value can not be exceeded
usage < limit always
If usage > quota for 7 days account is expired and files can not be created

30. Running programs Two modes of operation foreground and background
Foreground Interact with program via keyboard/screen
Background No connection with keyboard/screen
Submit to backbround by Appending ‘&’
EG: myprog >& myfile &
The symbols ‘>&’ redirect output and any errors to the file myfile
Another method of submitting programs to the background is via a batch processing system, such as Sun Grid Engine (as used on Titania)

31. Foreground Program Control
Kill a program Ctrl C
Stop a program Ctrl Z
Note a stopped program still exists in the system

32. Program control within current shell
jobs Lists jobs (programs)
bg %job_id Place a job in the background
fg %job_id Return a job to the foreground
stop %job_id Stop a job
kill %job_id Kill a job
jobs
[1] + Running time.sh > out
stop %1
[1] + Stopped (signal) time.sh > out
bg %1
[1] + time.sh > out &
kill %1
Terminated

33. Program control using ‘ps’ and ‘kill’
ps Report process status
ps -f -u username
UID PID PPID C STIME TTY TIME CMD
username :23:04 pts/50 0:00 sleep 2
username :05:45 pts/50 0:01 -csh
username :35:07 pts/50 0:00 /bin/sh time.sh
kill Terminate process
Find its process ID (PID) using the ps command
Kill the process using the kill command
kill 24585
Sometimes kill on its own does not work so try
kill -KILL 24585

34. Programe Control using top
top is a separate utility and not part of the OS
top -Uusername
k kill program (process) k PID, k -KILL PID
h help
q quit top

35. Vi Text Editor Very powerful Available on all versions of UNIX
No in-built help
Man page gives detailed help
Vi has three modes
Command
Text entry
Last line

36. Editors
Dtpad
nedit vi
emacs

37. Desktop Note Pad Editor

38. T-Shell - Filename Completion
Complete a partially typed filename
Operation
Type enough characters to uniquely identify the name
Press the ‘Tab’ key (for C – shell use ‘Esc’ key)
If the response is a ‘bleep’ press Ctrl-d to list possible matches
Setup
Add the following to your .cshrc file
set filec

39. T-Shell -Repeating Previous Commands
Operation
history List previous commands
!! re-run last command
!n re-run the nth command
!str last command starting with str
eg: !vi
Setup
Add the following to your .cshrc file
set history=40

40. T-Shell - Command Aliasing
Definitions
alias ll ' ls -lF '
alias h ' history 24 '
alias dir ' ls '
Setup
Add alias definitions to your .cshrc file

41. The Secure shell protocol
SSH is a new method of communications over the Internet that encrypts data end-to-end
Replaces telnet, ftp, rsh and rcp
Components
Secure shell ssh
Secure ftp sftp
Secure copy scp

42. Secure Shell Program to log into another computer over a network
Execute commands on a remote machine
Move files from one machine to another
Provides strong authentication and secure communications over insecure channels.
Intended as a replacement for rlogin, rsh, rcp, and rdist.
To use secure shell to access a remote home machine set up an ssh server on that machine

43. ssh
You only need the SSH client. The server is unnecessary, unless you wish to connect back to your home machine via the Internet using SSH.
Connecting to a WRG node ssh -l wrsmg maxima.leeds.ac.uk
To use X-windows add the "-X" flag
SSH will then carry Xwindows traffic over the Internet to connect
Range of options for changing ports, specifying authentication files, encryption algorithms etc….
Use man ssh for help with options

44. Secure ftp (sftp)
Establishes an FTP-style file transfer session between the Unix systems
sftp command always used in the form: sftp
e.g.from titania sftp

45. Transferring Files Using sftp
From the SFTP prompt (sftp>) can do the following:
get command to retrieve a file from the remote Unix server.
get test.txt
put command to transfer a file from your Unix system to the remote Unix system you are connected to.
put file2.txt
If you use the ls command without specifying a directory, it will display the contents of the directory you are currently working in on the remote Unix system.

46. Navigating file systems using sftp
From the SFTP prompt (sftp>) can do the following:
ls command to display the contents of a directory on the remote Unix system you are connected to.
ls /home/user. Will display the contents of the directory /home/user on the remote Unix system.
cd and lcd commands change current remote directory, or current local directory.
e.g. cd /home/user. Will change the current remote directory to /home/user.

47. Summary of sftp commands 1
mget Retrieve multiple files from server
Mput Transfer multiple files to server
pwd Display remote working directory
quit or exit Quit sftp
rename oldpath newpath Rename remote file
rmdir path Remove remote directory
rm path Delete remote file
version Show SFTP version
? Synonym for help

48. Summary Listing of SFTP commands 2
ascii Use text transfer mode
help Display the help text
image Use binary transfer mode
lls [ls-options [path]] Display local directory listing
lmkdir path Create local directory
ls [path] Display remote directory listing
mkdir path Create remote directory
put local-path [remote-path] Upload file

49. Secure copy - scp
Using SCP Fast, easy method to copy single files from your Unix system to a remote Unix system.

50. Retrieving a file using SCP
To retrieve a file from a remote Unix system, the syntax is: scp local-file
username= username on the remote system
server= the name of the remote Unix system
file= the file to retrieve from the remote system
local-file= the location you wish to save the file to on your local Unix system

51. Transferring a file to a remote Unix system using SCP
The syntax is: scp local-file
local-file= the file to transfer from the local system
username= username on the remote system
server= the name of the remote Unix system
file= the location you wish to save the file to on the remote Unix system

52. Transferring Multiple Files
mget and mput with sftp
Use tar and compress to package a directory tree
scp transfers the packaged directory tree
uncompress and extract directory tree using tar

53. UNIX Utilities
tar
compress
sed
awk

54. Exercise Tutorial Turn on PC Login to your PC Managed NT account
login digley/mep98xxx
password:
Login to titania
Start XSession or telnet titania
Login using the provided username and password