1. E. Carboniferous (359-300 mya) - inverts Arthropleura -largest terrestrial arthropod - 2m

2. E. Carboniferous (359-300 mya) - inverts - radiation of insects - evolution of flight Meganeura monyi - largest insect ever wingspan of 70 cm

3. E. Carboniferous (359-300 mya) - inverts - plants The early Carboniferous saw a reduction in the Devonian forests and a dominance of small plants - lycopods and their kin. Lepidodendron Psaronius - fern Lebachia - progymnosperm Cordaites - progymnosperm

4. E. Carboniferous (359-300 mya) - inverts - plants The early Carboniferous saw a reduction in the Devonian forests and a dominance of small plants - lycopods and their kin. As the period proceeds, the giant lycopsid swamp forests evolve across the tropical continent of Euramerica. There was lots of photosynthesis, but this was not balanced by decomposition (because much of the biomass was preserved in sediment, not broken down by decay). So, oxygen production by photosynthesis exceeded oxygen consumption by decomposition... and oxygen levels were probably very high...this may have allowed the enormous size of invertebrates.

5. E. Carboniferous (359-300 mya) - inverts - plants

6. E. Carboniferous (359-300 mya) - inverts - plants Coal deposits in shallow tropical swamps

7. E. Carboniferous (359-300 mya) - inverts - plants - vertebrates sharks replace placoderms as dominant in oceans;

8. The golden age of sharks - 45 Families (currently 21)

9. E. Carboniferous (359-300 mya) - inverts - plants - vertebrates sharks replace placoderms as dominant in oceans; ray finned fishes dominate in fresh water

10. - vertebrates radiation of stem tetrapods!!

11. - vertebrates radiation of stem tetrapods!!

12. - vertebrates radiation of stem tetrapods!! "Anthracosaurs"

13. E. Carboniferous (359-300 mya) - inverts - plants - vertebrates sharks replace placoderms as dominant in oceans; ray finned fishes dominate in fresh water stem tetrapods radiate! "crown" tetrapods Seymouriamorpha Temnospondyls Ichthyostegans

14. E. Carboniferous (359-300 mya) - inverts - plants - vertebrates stem tetrapods Temnospondyls a very diverse radiation of tetrapods, from alligator-like salamanders to large, scaled, frog-like creatures. Cowens places these ancestral to Amphibia only, but recent analyses put them as a sister clade to all crown tetrapods.

15. Temnospondyls a very diverse radiation of tetrapods, from alligator-like salamanders to large, scaled, frog-like creatures. Cowens places these ancestral to Amphibia only, but recent analyses put them as a sister clade to all crown tetrapods.

16. Seymouriamorpha Radiate in Permian but earliest fossils from the Carboniferous... larvae have external gills, which pulls them out of the amniota...

17. - vertebrates radiation of stem tetrapods!!

18. The Amniote Divide The amniotic egg was a big advance - amnion protects the embryo - yolk sac provides nourishment - allantoic sac holds waste produced by embryo Resist desiccation Provision embryo allows for colonization of dry habitats

19. Primitive Amniotes Hylonomus lyelli – an early reptile Carboniferous of Nova Scotia

20. E. Carboniferous - The Amniote Radiations Anapsid ancestor Hylonomus Casineria ANAPSID (turtles?) DIAPSID SYNAPSID

21. I. The Precambrian - Vendian II. Paleozoic A. Cambrian (544-490 mya) B. Ordovician (490-443 mya) C. Silurian (443-417 mya) D. Devonian (417-354 mya) E. Carboniferous (359-300 mya) F. Permian (300-251 mya)

22. Pangaea forms The fusion of land masses reduced the amount of humid coastline and increased the extent of dry inland areas. This favored the amniote radiations over "amphibian" clades.

23. F. Permian - The Amniote Radiations Diversify Anapsid ancestor Hylonomus ANAPSID (turtles) DIAPSID SYNAPSID

24. F. Permian (300-251 mya) Synapsids dominate through the early Permian Mammals Cynodonts Gorgonopsids Therapsids Pelycosaurs Dicynodonts

25. F. Permian (300-251 mya) Pelycosaurs dominate early include the great sail-finned animals like Dimetrodon

26. F. Permian (300-251 mya) Early Therapsids, like Gorgonopsids, dominate in the mid-late Permian Dinocephalians Moschops

27. F. Permian (300-251 mya) Dicynodonts come to numerical dominance in the late Permian abundant herbivores

28. F. Permian (300-251 mya) and the first Cynodonts appear

29. F. Permian (300-251 mya) large herbivorous anapsids were also present

30. F. Permian (300-251 mya) Diapsids were small and lizard-like; the Synapsids ruled terrestrial communities

31. F. Permian (300-251 mya) - Plants!!

32. F. Permian (300-251 mya) - Plants!! - the dry climate reduced the great Carboniferous swamp forests; lycopods shrink... - Ferns, and gymnosperms ("seed ferns", Ginkos, Cycads, and Conifers) gain prominence... - In particular Glossopteris - a seed fern - that produces seeds on its leaves like sori of ferns... The evolution of gymnosperms introduced two important adaptive features: - pollen (male gametophyte) - no more swimming sperm; reduced reliance on open water habitats - seed - protective seed coat reduced desiccation of embryo, and nutritious endosperm provisioned the embryo with energy. (Like the amniote egg).

33. F. Permian (300-251 mya) The great Permian extinction!!!! A huge mantle plume rises towards the surface...

34. F. Permian (300-251 mya) The great Permian extinction!!!! then it pops like a zit!!

35. F. Permian (300-251 mya) The great Permian extinction!!!! A huge mantle plume rises towards the surface... resulting in a great bubble of flowing lava... the Siberian flats (200,000 squ. mi)

36. F. Permian (300-251 mya)

37. - results: 90-95% of marine species go extinct... trilobites placoderms acanthodians

38. F. Permian (300-251 mya) - results: 90-95% of marine species go extinct... trilobites placoderms acanthodians 70% of all land families pelycosaurs

39. III. Mesozoic Era A. Triassic Period (250 - 205 mya)

40. III. Mesozoic Era A. Triassic Period (250 - 205 mya) - climate: Dry; low sea levels; one large supercontinent beginning to break up

41. III. Mesozoic Era A. Triassic Period (250 - 205 mya) - inverts: - marine communities - gastropods and molluscs begin to dominate in these initially depauperate faunas... the 'modern marine fauna', including modern reef-builders

42. III. Mesozoic Era A. Triassic Period (250 - 205 mya) - Plants: - recovery from the mass extinction is slow; lycopsids dominate early, but soil formation is very slow... - dry climate selects for seed plants with pollen; the Gymnosperms... Petrified Forest N. P.

43. III. Mesozoic Era A. Triassic Period (250 - 205 mya) - Verts: - Medium sized therapsids dominate early... like Lystrosaurus

44. Triassic survivors Mammals Gorgonopsids Therapsids Pelycosaurs Dicynodonts Cynodonts

45. III. Mesozoic Era A. Triassic Period (250 - 205 mya) - Verts: - Medium sized therapsids dominate early... like Lystrosaurus - Temnospondyls resurgent (Mastodonosaurus - 6m)

46. III. Mesozoic Era A. Triassic Period (250 - 205 mya) - Verts: - radiation of the diapsids, but only Ichthyosaurs abundant early Diapsida Younginiformes Ichthyosaurs Lepidosaurs: Lizards, Snakes, Sphenodonts, Plesiosaurs) Archosaurs: Dinosaurs, Pterosaurs, Crocodilians, Birds

47. III. Mesozoic Era A. Triassic Period (250 - 205 mya) - Verts: - the opening of the shallow Tethys Sea between Laurasia and Gondwanaland created a very productive marine environment, which was exploited by a diverse group of evolving marine reptiles:

48. III. Mesozoic Era A. Triassic Period (250 - 205 mya) - Verts: - marine reptiles: Ichthyosaurs Placodonts Archeosaurs: Tanystropheus Lepidosaurs: Nothosaurus

49. III. Mesozoic Era A. Triassic Period (250 - 205 mya) - Verts: - marine reptiles: Lepidosaurs: Nothosaurus Shonisaurus - 45m largest reptile (Blue Whale = 33m, 110 ft)

50. III. Mesozoic Era A. Triassic Period (250 - 205 mya) - Verts: - As the Triassic proceeds, the Archosaurs displace the Therapsids. Crocodylomorphs (Ornithosuchans and Phytosaurs) Pterosaurs Dinosaurs crucrotarsi Ornithodira (Marasuchas)

51. III. Mesozoic Era A. Triassic Period (250 - 205 mya) - Verts: - As the Triassic proceeds, the Archosaurs displace the Therapsids. - Crocodylomorphs:

52. III. Mesozoic Era A. Triassic Period (250 - 205 mya) - Verts: - As the Triassic proceeds, the Archosaurs displace the Therapsids. - In the late Triassic, the first Dinosaur radiations occur. Ornithichians Prosauropods Sauropods Theropods Saurichians

53. III. Mesozoic Era A. Triassic Period (250 - 205 mya) - Verts: - As the Triassic proceeds, the Archosaurs displace the Therapsids. - In the late Triassic, the first Dinosaur radiations occur. Ornithichians Prosauropods Sauropods Theropods Ornithischians

54. III. Mesozoic Era A. Triassic Period (250 - 205 mya) - Verts: - As the Triassic proceeds, the Archosaurs displace the Therapsids. - In the late Triassic, the first Dinosaur radiations occur. Ornithichians Prosauropods Sauropods Theropods Saurischian s

55. III. Mesozoic Era A. Triassic Period (250 - 205 mya) - Verts: - As the Triassic proceeds, the Archosaurs displace the Therapsids. - In the late Triassic, the first Dinosaur radiations occur. Oldest Dinosaurs are the Theropod-like Eoraptor

56. III. Mesozoic Era A. Triassic Period (250 - 205 mya) - Verts: - As the Triassic proceeds, the Archosaurs displace the Therapsids. - In the late Triassic, the first Dinosaur radiations occur. The first radiation of large dinosaurs were the herbivorous Prosauropods By the late Triassic, all large herbivores were Sauropodomorphs.

57. III. Mesozoic Era A. Triassic Period (250 - 205 mya) - Verts: - the first mammaliforms... Morganucodontids

58. III. Mesozoic Era B. Jurassic (200-146 mya) - Climate: A global greenhouse - lush tropical habitats and rich shallow seas lead to the period of maximum Dinosaur domination.

59. III. Mesozoic Era B. Jurassic (200-146 mya) - Marine Reptiles: Ichthyosaurs still present...

60. III. Mesozoic Era B. Jurassic (200-146 mya) - Marine Reptiles: but now joined by Plesiosaurs and Pliosaurs (both Lepidosaurs)

61. III. Mesozoic Era B. Jurassic (200-146 mya) - Marine Reptiles: and marine crocodylians....

62. III. Mesozoic Era B. Jurassic (200-146 mya) - Herbivores: Ornithichian Stegosaurs

63. III. Mesozoic Era B. Jurassic (200-146 mya) - Herbivores: Sauropods - the first of the real giants 1, small head and peg-like teeth (and elongated cervical vertebrae) 2, addition of extra cervical vertebrae to the neck 3, apron-like pubis 4, fore limbs as long as or longer than hind limbs, making the back slope posteriorly 5, teeth restricted to front of mouth 6, armor.

64. III. Mesozoic Era B. Jurassic (200-146 mya) - Herbivores: Sauropods - the first of the real giants Ultrasaurus (maybe a Brachiosaurus) stood 98 ft long, 140 tons

65. III. Mesozoic Era B. Jurassic (200-146 mya) - Herbivores: Sauropods - the first of the real giants Diplodocus - 90 ft long 11 tons

66. III. Mesozoic Era B. Jurassic (200-146 mya) - Carnivores: 1. three-toed foot 2. digits IV and V lost on hand 3. long arms 4. semilunate carpal 5. fused pelvis 6. large hole in lacrimal bone in skull 7. ?no unique derived characters? 8. giant, hook-like claw on digit II of pes 9. flight feathers

67. III. Mesozoic Era B. Jurassic (200-146 mya) - Carnivores: - Ceratosaurs Ceratosaurus

68. III. Mesozoic Era B. Jurassic (200-146 mya) - Carnivores: - Carnosaurs Allosaurus

69. III. Mesozoic Era B. Jurassic (200-146 mya) - Carnivores: - Avialae Archaeopteryx

70. III. Mesozoic Era B. Jurassic (200-146 mya) - Carnivores: - Avialae Archaeopteryx First fossil - 1860 - a flight feather (asymmetrical)

71. The 'London' Specimen - 1861The 'Berlin' Specimen - 1877

73. 10th specimen described in 2005 - shows intermediately rotated halux

74. 10th specimen described in 2005 - shows intermediately rotated halux and hyperextended 2nd digit (like Deinonychosaurs - their sister clade)

76. A. Herrerasaurus- five digits are present, Digit V shaded yellow and hidden on other side of hand. B. Coelophysis. Note that digit V is gone. C. Deinonychus. Note loss of both digits V and IV D. Archaeopteryx. Note very close correspondence in proportions and relative lengths of bones to Deinonychus. E. Hoatzin embryo. Number of bones reduced in digit III. F. Hoatzin adult. Most of the bones of the hand fused Hand Morphology

77. Ornitholestes (theropod dinosaur) Archaeopteryx Sinornis (a Cretaceous bird) Modern chicken Another Set of Examples Archaeopteryx Chicken

78. III. Mesozoic Era B. Jurassic (200-146 mya) - Pterosaurs They were present in the Triassic, but reached their greatest diversity in the Jurassic, with over 80 species recorded. However, they would attain their greatest size in the Cretaceous.

79. III. Mesozoic Era B. Jurassic (200-146 mya) - Pterosaurs They were present in the Triassic, but reached their greatest diversity in the Jurassic, with over 80 species recorded. However, they would attain their greatest size in the Cretaceous.

80. III. Mesozoic Era B. Jurassic (200-146 mya) - Mammals: Docodonts.... a group of beaver-like animals... the most impressive fossil of the group was found in Feb 2006 - oldest animal with fur - demonstrates that mammals were radiating into a variety of habitats

81. III. Mesozoic Era A. Triassic Period (250 - 205 mya) B. Jurassic (205 - 146 mya) C. Cretaceous (145 - 65 mya)

82. III. Mesozoic Era A. Triassic Period (250 - 205 mya) B. Jurassic (205 - 146 mya) C. Cretaceous (146 - 65 mya) - the warming trend of the Jurassic continues, and results in very high sea levels and the expanse of shallow seas over significant portions of continents

83. III. Mesozoic Era A. Triassic Period (250 - 205 mya) B. Jurassic (205 - 146 mya) C. Cretaceous (146 - 65 mya) - Plants: Evolution of Angiosperms Initially in low abundance Come to dominate by end of Cretaceous Gymnosperms

84. III. Mesozoic Era A. Triassic Period (250 - 205 mya) B. Jurassic (205 - 146 mya) C. Cretaceous (146 - 65 mya) - Plants: Evolution of Angiosperms Initially in low abundance Come to dominate by end of Cretaceous Gymnosperms Angiosperms

85. Archaefructus sinensis Science 2002

86. III. Mesozoic Era A. Triassic Period (250 - 205 mya) B. Jurassic (205 - 146 mya) C. Cretaceous (146 - 65 mya) - Plants: Evolution of Angiosperms Initially in low abundance Come to dominate by end of Cretaceous Gymnosperms

87. III. Mesozoic Era A. Triassic Period (250 - 205 mya) B. Jurassic (205 - 146 mya) C. Cretaceous (146 - 65 mya) - Plants: Evolution of Angiosperms Initially in low abundance Come to dominate by end of Cretaceous Gymnosperms

89. III. Mesozoic Era A. Triassic Period (250 - 205 mya) B. Jurassic (205 - 146 mya) C. Cretaceous (146 - 65 mya) - Inverts: radiation of pollinators radiation of pollinators and herbivores ground beetles do not

90. C. Cretaceous - Verts: -Crocodylians Sarcosuchus 11m

91. C. Cretaceous (146 - 65 mya) - Inverts: - Verts: Ornithischians: Stegosaurs give way to a variety of new Ornithischian groups:

92. Ornithischians: Ankylosaurs

93. Ornithischians: Ceratopsians

94. Ornithischians: Iguanodonts

95. Ornithischians: Hadrosaurs

96. Ornithischians: Pachycephalosaurs

97. C. Cretaceous (146 - 65 mya) - Inverts: - Verts: Ornithischians: Saurischians - Sauropods The Titanosaurs (and they were still big)

98. The Titanosaurs Andesaurus 40m (?) 80 tons (?) incomplete skeleton

99. The Titanosaurs Argentinasaurus Largest one known with confidence, but there are bigger single bones.... 35m 80-100 tons incomplete skeleton but a hip girdle, vertebrae, and tibia

100. C. Cretaceous - Theropods: carnivores get big!! Carnosaurs - Giant Allosaur cousins like: Giganotosaurus Longer than the largest Tyrannosaurus rex by 2m 40-45 ft... from Argentina (1995)

101. C. Cretaceous Carnosaurs - Giant Allosaur cousins like: Carcharodontosaurus 40 ft - slightly smaller than T. rex from Niger (1927)

102. C. Cretaceous Carnosaurs - Tyrannosaurs: - Albertosaurus

103. C. Cretaceous Carnosaurs - Tyrannosaurs: - Gorgosaurus

104. C. Cretaceous Carnosaurs - Tyrannosaurs: - Tyrannosaurus (3 sp.)

105. C. Cretaceous Carnosaurs - Tyrannosaurs: - Tyrannosaurus (3 sp.)

106. C. Cretaceous Carnosaurs - Tyrannosaurs: - Tyrannosaurus (3 sp.) Soft tissue from a femur?. 2005

107. C. Cretaceous Carnosaurs - Tyrannosaurs: - Dilong paradoxicus Feathered

108. C. Cretaceous - Deinonychians Deinonychus Velaciraptor

109. III. Mesozoic C. Cretaceous - theropods (still) - Deinonychians Velociraptor

110. C. Cretaceous - non-bird feathered dinosaurs: Sinosauropteryx prima (1996) first non-bird dinosaur with feathers... a Cretaceous contemporary of birds

111. - Protobirds

112. - Protobirds: Sinornithosaurus (Jurassic)

113. - Protobirds: Microraptor (Cretaceous)

114. Protobirds: - Deinonychians Velociraptor

115. - Protobirds: Unenlagia (Cretaceous)

116. - Protobirds: Caudipterxy (Cretaceous)

117. - Protobirds: Protarchaeopteryx (Cretaceous)

118. - Protobirds: Eoalulavis (Cretaceous)

119. - Pterosaurs:

120. Pteranodon - wingspan 7.5 m

121. - Pterosaurs: Quetzalcoatlus - largest ptersaur; 40 ft wingspan....

122. - Quetzalcoatlus - largest flying animal Quetzalcoatlus - largest ptersaur; 40 ft wingspan....

123. - Mammals...

124. - Multituberculates Dominate in Cretaceous - over 200 species

125. The K-T Boundary

126. hmm... a new star in the constellation of Orion... THAT'S weird...

127. The K-T Boundary

128. WHAT THE HELL!!! It's the Ceratopsians... they're attacking...!!!

129. The K-T Boundary