1. THE GEOGRAPHY OF TRANSPORT SYSTEMS THIRD EDITION Copyright © 1998-2015, Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University, Hempstead, NY, 11549 USA. Jean-Paul.Rodrigue@hofstra.edu You may use the figures within for educational purposes only. No modification or redistribution permitted. For more information: http://people.hofstra.edu/geotranshttp://people.hofstra.edu/geotrans Chapter 3 – Transportation Modes APPLICATIONS

2. Usage Conditions DO NOT COPY, TRANSLATE OR REDISTRIBUTE THIS DOCUMENT. The contents of this document can be freely used for personal or classroom use ONLY. Although the material contained in this document is freely available, it is not public domain. Its contents, in whole or in part (including graphics and datasets), cannot be copied and published in ANY form (printed or electronic) without consent. If you have accessed this document through a third party (such as a content farm), keep in mind that this party is illegally redistributing this content. Please refer to the true source (http://people.hofstra.edu/geotrans) instead of the third party.http://people.hofstra.edu/geotrans Permission to use any graphic material herein in any form of publication, such as an article, a book or a conference presentation, on any media must be requested prior to use. Information cited from this document should be referred as: Rodrigue, J-P et al. (2013) The Geography of Transport Systems, Hofstra University, Department of Global Studies & Geography, http://people.hofstra.edu/geotrans.http://people.hofstra.edu/geotrans Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

3. THE GEOGRAPHY OF TRANSPORT SYSTEMS THIRD EDITION Application 1 High Speed Trains Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

4. World High Speed Rail Systems, 2012 Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

5. Travel Times before and after the Introduction of a High Speed Rail Service (hours) Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

6. Evolution of the French TGV, 1981-2005 Name TGV Paris Sud- Est TGV AtlantiqueAVETGV ReseauEurostarTGV DuplexTGV ThalysTGV NG Introduction 198119891991199319941996 2005 Operating Speed 168 mph (270 km/h) 186 mph (300 km/h) 186 mph 300km/h 186 mph (300 km/h) 225 mph (360 km/h) Design Speed 168 mph (270 km/h) 186 mph (300 km/h) 200 mph (320 km/h) 225 mph (360 km/hr) Speed Record 236 mph (380 km/h) 320 mph (515 km/h) N/A Maximum speed on normal railways 138 mph (220 km/h) No running 138 mph (220 km/h) 100 mph (160 km/h) No runningunknown 156 mph (250 km/h) Comments Famous Orange TGV Rail Speed RecordTGV for SpainPressure SealedStrictly not a TGVDouble deckerInternational TGVNext Generation Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

7. The Shinkansen High Speed Rail Network Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

8. Modal Share Madrid-Seville before and after the Introduction of High Speed Rail (AVE) Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

9. Modal Share Paris-Brussels before and after the Introduction of High Speed Rail Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

10. The Socioeconomic Context of High Speed Rail CriteriaIssues GoalsMitigate congestion and demand along high density interurban corridors. Extending services into lower density regions for political purposes (e.g. social equity) lead to economic failure. Spatial StructureLimited impacts on the spatial structure. Routes supporting the existing spatial structure are the most effective. Limited number of stations that are well connected to their metropolitan areas most effective. HSR stations should be hubs of regional transport systems. InvestmentsVery high construction and operation costs. Land (expropriation costs) are particularly high to secure a corridor. Cost overruns common. Limited or no profitability. Most costs are usually subsidized. DemandSignificant time savings compared to existing services. Initial increase in the demand, but a stabilization after 2 years. Lower demand than forecasted common. Significant impacts on air services on distances less than 700km. Low cost airlines able to compete. Economic ImpactsLittle or no generation of new economic activities. Service and touristic sectors favored. Tendency to consolidate activities in the most connected locations (large cities). Medium-sized cities usually negatively impacted. Environmental ImpactsComparatively better than air transportation. Long term mitigation of environmental impacts during construction. Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

11. THE GEOGRAPHY OF TRANSPORT SYSTEMS THIRD EDITION Application 2 The Containerization of Commodities Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

12. Growth Factors behind the Containerization of Commodities FactorOutcome Growing availability of containers More containers available on freight markets. Ubiquitous transport product. Rising demand and commodity prices More commodities in circulation (usage of containerization to accommodate growth). New producers and consumers (marginal markets penetration). Fluctuations and rises in bulk shipping rates Decrease in the ratio cargo value per ton shipping rate for commodities. Volatility (rates) and risk (hedging). Search for options to bulk shipping. Low container shipping rates Increase in the ratio cargo value per TEU shipping rate for commodities. Relative rate stability. Containerization more attractive as an option. Imbalances in container shipping rates Export subsidy for return cargo. Empty containers repositioning Pools of containers available for backhauls. Processing Processing close to production shifts from bulk to containerized shipping. Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

13. IMF All Commodity Index, Baltic Dry Index and Container Shipping Rates, 2000-2014 (2000=100) Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

14. IMF All Commodity Index and Average Container Shipping Rates, 2000-2014 (2000=100) Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

15. Retail Price of Coffee, 1980-2012 Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

16. Retail Price of Coffee, 1977-2005 Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

17. Comparison Between Bulk and Containerized Commodity Transportation Bulk (Grain, Minerals, Oil)Containerized Sectors Primary / TransformationManufacturing / Retailing Driving force Cost / VolumeTime / Flexibility Mode of shipment Large batchesSmall shipments Frequency LowHigh Flows One wayMore balanced Terminals Dedicated by commodityGeneral container Seasonality From low (energy) to high (agriculture)Low (retail cycles) Exchange Markets Mass (futures / forward)Niche (spot) Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

18. From Bulk to Containers: Breaking Economies of Scale Container as an independent load unit. Minimal load unit; one TEU container. Entry Barriers Limited differences in scale economies for a producer. Incremental / linear cost-volume function. Required Volumes New producers (smaller). Product differentiation (more variety). Market Potential Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

19. Bulk and Containerized Commodity Chains Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use. Bulk Commodity Chain Containerized Commodity Chain Consolidation center Port Supplier Customer Intermodal terminal Container port Pendulum Services Point-to-Point Complementarity

20. Commodity Group and Containerization Potential Category (SITC)ExamplesContainerization (Existing or Potential) Food & Live AnimalsMeat, Fish, Wheat, Rice, Corn, Sugar, Coffee, Cocoa, TeaLow (grains) to high (cold chain products) Beverages & TobaccoWine, Beer, TobaccoHigh Raw MaterialsLumber, Rubber, Cotton, Iron oreCommodity specific Fuels & LubricantsCoal, Crude oil, Kerosene, Natural gasVery limited Animal & Vegetable OilsOlive oil, Corn oilHigh ChemicalsSalt, Fertilizers, PlasticsLow to average Manufactured GoodsPaper, Textiles, Cement, Iron & Steel, CopperCommodity specific Machinery & Transport Equipment Computer equipment, Televisions, CarsVery high (already containerized) Miscellaneous ManufacturesFurniture, Clothes, Footwear, Cameras, Books, ToysVery high (already containerized) Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

21. Commodity Group and Containerization Level Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use. 0. Food & Live Animals 1. Beverages & Tobacco 2. Raw Materials 3. Fuels & Lubricants 4. Animal & Vegetable Oils 5. Chemicals 6. Manufactured Goods 7. Machinery & Transport Equipment 8. Miscellaneous Manufactures Meat, Fish, Wheat, Rice, Corn, Sugar, Coffee, Cocoa, Tea Wine, Beer, Tobacco Lumber, Rubber, Cotton, Iron ore Coal, Crude oil, Kerosene, Natural gas Olive oil, Corn oil Salt, Fertilizers, Plastics Paper, Textiles, Cement, Iron & Steel, Copper Computer equipment, Televisions, Cars Furniture, Clothes, Footwear, Cameras, Books, Toys Category (SITC)ExamplesContainerization Grains (~5%)Cold chain (~75%) High CottonIron ore Lumber Coal (~2%) High Low to average PaperTextilesCementMetals Very high Vehicles Very high Coffee (~95%)

22. Containerized Weight for Selected Commodities CommodityPounds per cubic footWeight in a 20 foot container Wheat4828 tons Corn4526 tons Dry peas, beans and lentils3722 tons Vegetable oil (e.g. canola)6030 tons (35 tons) Coffee (fresh beans)3521 tons Lumber (2x4s)4526 tons Hay (e.g. alfalfa)148 tons Potash8030 tons (46 tons) Coal (Anthracite)7030 tons (41 tons) Paper or wood pulp7530 tons (44 tons) Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

23. American Containerized Trade, 2003 Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

24. Share of Main American International Trade Commodities Transported by Containership, 2000 Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

25. Shipping Time between Bulk Handling and Containerization (Canadian Wheat) Bulk Handling SystemDaysContainer SystemDays Farm storageStartFarm storageStart Local delivery1 1 Primary elevator40Intermodal terminal2 Rail hopper cars11Double stack train2 Export terminal19Container port2 Bulk ship15Containership11 Import terminal10Container port2 Local delivery1 1 Final customerEndFinal customerEnd Total97Total21 Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

26. Challenges for the Containerization of Commodities ChallengeIssues Container availability Locational and load unit availability. Weight Limitations to about 30 tons (40 footer). 20 footer the preferable load unit (26-28 tons). Container preparation Pre-use and post-use cleaning (avoid contamination). Dedicated containers? Container loading, unloading and transloading Bulks difficult to load horizontally. Vertical loading / unloading (equipment). Transloading issues. Source loading. Weight distribution Containership load (10-14 tons per TEU). Trade imbalances create mitigation strategies. Land consumption at port terminals Space consumption (4 times more than bulk) mitigated by velocity. Existing distribution channels Considerable accumulated investments (modes & terminals). Established distribution practices. Modal shift inertia. Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

27. Monthly Softwood Lumber Shipments to China, 2007-2014 Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

28. THE GEOGRAPHY OF TRANSPORT SYSTEMS THIRD EDITION Application 3 Maersk Shipping Line Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

29. Port Terminal Assets of APMT by Equity-Based Capacity Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

30. THE GEOGRAPHY OF TRANSPORT SYSTEMS THIRD EDITION Application 4 Transcontinental Bridges Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

31. Types of Landbridges Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

32. The North American Landbridge Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

33. Intermodal Rail Flows, 2006 Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

34. Circum-Hemispheric Rings of Circulation Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

35. The Eurasian Landbridge Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

36. The Northern East-West Freight Corridor Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

37. Distance to New York from Eastern China (in km) Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.