1. Extirpated Species Major causes of extinctions/extirpations –Climate change (e.g., increased temperature during Holocene) –Overharvesting (Pleistocene megafauna, modern game, furbearers) –Habitat change/destruction (tallgrass prairie, wetland, forest)

3. Erithizon dorsatum (porcupine) Inhabited northeast Iowa hardwood forests Extirpated soon after Euroamerican invasion Still in southern Wisconsin Road kills in Clayton, Scott counties (1960s)

4. Canis lupus (gray wolf) Inhabited northern, western Iowa Last individual killed in Butler County (1885) Still in northern Minnesota Requires large forests or tundra, ungulates

5. Ursus americanus (black bear) Formerly statewide Extirpated by mid- 1800s Still in Minnesota, Wisconsin At least 5 sightings since extirpation; 1997 in Allamakee County

6. Martes pennanti (fisher) Formerly rare in northern Iowa Extirpated by early 1800s Closest population in central Wisconsin Hunted for pelt; requires pine forests, porcupines

7. Gulo gulo (wolverine) Formerly rare in northeastern Iowa Extirpation date unknown Closest population in northern Canada 1 in Tama County (1964)

8. Felis lynx (lynx) Formerly northern Iowa (coniferous forests); rare Extirpated in ? Still in northern Minnesota 1 in Shelby County (1963); avoids humans

9. Cervus canadensis (elk) Formerly statewide Extirpated by 1871 Reintroduced to Michigan, several other states

10. Alces alces (moose) First record in 1973 (not an extirpated species) Boreal species; unlikely to become established About 15 entered Iowa via Minnesota since 1973

11. Antilocapra americana (pronghorn) In western Iowa until early 1800s In Nebraska, South Dakota, Minnesota Forbs (flowering, broadleaved herbs) essential in diet