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ANGIOEDEMA, LARYNGEAL EDEMA DIAGNOSIS AND MANAGEMENT
Henriette Farkas Semmelweis University 3 rd Department of Internal Medicine Budapest, Hungary
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UPPER AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION (UAO) AETIOLOGY
LARYNGEAL EDEMA is a life-threatening condition characterized by acute or gradual onset with swelling of the laryngeal mucosa FUNCTIONAL CAUSES CNS depression Peripheral nervous system and neuromuscular abnormalities MECHANICAL CAUSES Foreign body aspiration Infections Laryngeal edema Haemorrhage and haematoma Trauma Burns Neoplasm Congenital Miscellaneous
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PATIENT’S COMPLAINTS, SIGNS
Dysphagia Sensation of a lump in the throat Feeling of tightness Voice changes Hoarseness Roughness Resonant barky cough Stridor Dyspnea Fear of asphyxation Aphonia Patient is unable to breathe, speak, or cough and may hold the throat between the thumb and index finger (the universal choking sign) Patient is anxious and agitated
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PHYSICIAN EXAMINATION
1. Medical history (patient or relatives) 2. Physical examination Voice changes Hoarseness Roughness Resonant barky cough Stridor Dyspnea Aphonia Patient is anxious and agitated Vigorous attempts at respiration with intercostal and supraclavicular retraction Patient becomes rapidly cyanosed Respiratory efforts diminish Loss of consciousness Heart rate and blood pressure raised, bradycardia Hypotension, cardiac arrest Death is inevitable if the obstruction is not relieved within 2-5 minutes of the onset
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EXAMINATION IN THE HOSPITAL
flexible fibreoptic laryngoscopy Indirect laryngoscopy direct laryngoscopy Radiographic imaging AP and lateral plain neck radiographs, CT, MRI
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Congenital stenosis Recurrent paralysis Foreign body Normal larynx Infection Laryngeal oedema Tumor
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Physical status Neonate Child Adult 12 48 147 3 27 108 75 44
THE EFFECT OF EDEMA ON THE CROSS SECTIONAL AREA OF THE SUBGLOTTIC LARYNX Physical status Neonate Child Adult Normal Subglottic area (mm2) 12 48 147 Effect of 1 mm edema 3 27 108 Reduction of airway area % 75 44
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MANAGEMENT Treatment consists of
immediately ensuring an adequate airway administration of oxygen intravenous fluids epinephrine, antihistamines and steroids C1-INH concentrate, bradykinin receptor B2 antagonist, kallikrein inhibitor or FFP
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PRINCIPLES OF AIRWAY MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES 1
PRINCIPLES OF AIRWAY MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES 1. Try simple manoeuvres to open airway Jaw thrust is used when other methods have failed. Oro- or nasopharyngeal airway is useful in the unconscious patient. If the patient is not immediately intubated the coma position should be used.
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PRINCIPLES OF AIRWAY MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES 2. Endotracheal intubation
Method of choice for the unconscious apnoeic patient
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PRINCIPLES OF AIRWAY MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES 3. Surgical airway
cricothyroidotomy percutanous tracheotomy emergency tracheostomy
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CRICOTHYROIDOTOMY Cricothyroidotomy is an emergency procedure when intubation or tracheotomy are impossible. Relatively easy way of providing an emergency airway. (cricothyroid membrane is near the skin surface)
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PERCUTANOUS TRACHEOSTOMY
PCT is cost-effective, safe, fast, and easy to perform
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TRACHEOTOMY Emergency tracheotomy rarely required.
Formal surgical tracheotomy under local anaesthesia may be a prudent approach under some controlled conditions.
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CLASSIFICATION OF ANGIOEDEMA
ALLERGIC NSAID-induced Idiopathic Associated with idiopathic or autoimmune urticaria Associated with urticaria vasculitis Infections and infestations Angioedema with eosinophilia Associated with some physical urticarias and with cholinerg urticaria Associated with contact urticaria Angiotensin- converting enzyme inhibitor-induced C1-INH deficiency Hereditary angioedema with normal C1-INH Kaplan, Graeves 2005
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PATHOMECHANISM IGE MEDIATED, I TYPE HYPERSENSITIVITY Roitt
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COMMON ALLERGENS Foods such as peanut, milk, nuts, shellfish, fish, eggs, and other foods. Medications including penicillin and related or unrelated antibiotics, may produce allergic reactions. Insect sting venom Less common causes are latex rubber in surgical gloves and enema devices
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SYMPTOMS May be localized or part of a systemic anaphylactic reaction
in acute allergic laryngeal edema, angioedema of the lips and supraglottis, glottis, and infraglottis results in airway obstruction systemic reaction consists of a variable combination of urticaria (79%), bronchospasm (70%), shock, cardiovascular collapse and abdominal pain
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DIAGNOSIS Prick test Specific IgE
Use specific monoclonal antibodies against allergens 19
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MANAGEMENT ACUTE TREATMENT CONSISTS OF
immediately ensuring an adequate airway and administration of oxygen, intravenous fluids, epinephrine:im, iv antihistamines and steroids NEXT STEP hyposensibilisation (bee, wasp venom)
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INFORMATION, EMERGENCY CARE KIT
Wear a medic alert bracelet at all times Get information from patient’s doctor and the pharmacist before taking any medication Read all food labels carefully Carry with the patient an emergency care kit so that it can be self-administered epinephrine
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CLASSIFICATION OF ANGIOEDEMA
Allergic NSAID-induced Idiopathic Associated with idiopathic or autoimmune urticaria Associated with urticaria vasculitis Infections and infestations Angioedema with eosinophilia Associated with some physical urticarias and with cholinerg urticaria Associated with contact urticaria ANGIOTENSIN- CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITOR-INDUCED Acquired C1-INH deficiency Hereditary angioedema Kaplan, Graeves 2005
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KININ SYSTEM HW kininogen Angiotensinogen kallikrein renin
Vasodilatation Increased vascular permeabity Angiotensin I bradykinin ACE BK metabolits Angiotensin II Vasoconstriction Vascular hypertrophy Aldosterone release
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EFFECT OF ACE INHIBITORS
kininogen angiotensinogen kallikrein renin Vasodilatation Increased vascular permeabity bradykinin Angiotensin I ACE ACE inhibitor BK metabolits Angiotensin II ATII Blocker Vasoconstriction Vascular hypertrophy Aldosterone release
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ACE INHIBITORS 35 - 40 million patients worldwide are treated with ACE
inhibitors, ACE inhibitors are generally well tolerated. ADVERSE EFFECTS: Significant adverse effects include hypotension, renal impairment, cough, and angioedema Prevalence of angioedema: % Angiooedema can first manifest itself from a few hours to 10 years after an ACE inhibitor has been first taken.Therefore physicians fail to recognize the association.
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MANAGEMENT OF ACE INHIBITOR-INDUCED ANGIOEDEMA
ACUT TREATMENT Avoid ACE inhibitors Conservative treatment antihistamines with or without steroids Tongue and upper airway are involved, intramuscular adrenaline should be used, some patients require an artificial airway C1 inhibitor concentrate,FFP, SDP, kallikrein inhibitor or bradykinin receptor antagonist has been successfully
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MANAGEMENT OF ACE INHIBITOR-INDUCED ANGIOEDEMA
LONG-TERM Should not be switched to another ACE inhibitor. Calcium channel blockers and/or thiazides are appropriate as alternative antihypertensives. Beta blockers are contraindicated in the initial setting. Alternative medications: are AT II receptor blockers Several cases of angioedema associated with ATII receptor although the overall incidence appears lower than that with ACE inhibitors. Generally an interval of at least 6 months would be recommended to exclude the possibility of idiopathic or non-ACE inhibitor-related causes of angioedema.
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CLASSIFICATION OF ANGIOEDEMA
Allergic NSAID-induced Idiopathic Associated with idiopathic or autoimmune urticaria Associated with urticaria vasculitis Infections and infestations Angioedema with eosinophilia Associated with some physical urticarias and with cholinerg urticaria Associated with contact urticaria Angiotensin- converting enzyme inhibitor-induced ACQUIRED C1-INH DEFICIENCY HEREDITARY ANGIOEDEMA Kaplan, Graeves 2005
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HEREDITARY ANGIOEDEMA (HAE)
Type I (Donaldson, 1963) Type II (Rosen, 1965) Type III (Bork, Binkley, 2000, Martin 2001) C1-inhibitor (C1-INH) deficiency Normal C1-INH
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HEREDITARY ANGIOEDEMA (HAE) Type I. II
autosomal dominant inheritance deficiency of C1 inhibitor onset of symptoms: in childhood prevalence: 1:10 000, 1: mortality: %
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HEREDITARY ANGIOEDEMA (HAE) Type III
Mainly in vomen Percipitating factors: oral contraceptive therapy, hormone replacement treatment, pregnancy Symptoms: similar to HAE Type I and II Subgroup: missense mutation in factor XII gene Normal C1-INH function Not respond antihistamine treatment Tranexamic acid, C1-INH concentrate?
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HEREDITARY ANGIOEDEMA (HAE) TYPE I & II
Autosomal dominant inheritance Deficiency of C1-inhibitor (C1-INH) Two phenotype HAE I and II Prevalence: 1/50 000 Mortality: 20-30% Osler Am J Med Sci 1888; Donaldson Am J Med 1963; Rosen J Clin Invest 1971
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PATHOMECHANISM FXII FXIIa Prekallikrein Kallikrein HWK Bradykinin
Plasminogén Plasmin C1 C1rs C42 C2 kinin C1-INH edema
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DIAGNOSIS OF HAE in HAE Family history Clinical symptoms
Measurement of complement asymptomatic pedigree analysis genetic testing in HAE Confirm the diagnosis in uncertain cases Prenatal diagnostics Agostoni A Medicine 1992
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SUBCUTANEOUS SYMPTOMS
Farkas H Acta Dermato-Venereol 2001
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SUBCUTANEOUS SYMPTOMS
Bork K Am J Med 2006
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SUBMUCOSAL SYMPTOMS Upper airway mucosa
Pharyngeal edema Laryngeal edema Bork K Transfus Apher Sci 2003; Tsunoda Laryngoscope 2000
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SUBMUCOSAL SYMPTOMS Intestinal mucosa
intense, colicky abdominal pain nausea and vomiting postattack (watery) diarrhea can mimic an „acute abdomen” Unnecessary surgical intervention Bork K Am J Gastroenterol 2006
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ABDOMINAL ULTRASOUND Nonspecific but extremely sensitive method
ascites edematous intestinal wall In patients with known HAE Differential diagnosis Recurrent abdominal complaints with ascites HAE should be considered if all other differential diagnostic options have been ruled out. Farkas H Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2001; Acta Paediatr 2002
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COMPLEMENT PROFILES IN C1-INH DEFICIENCIES
Type C1q C1-INH antigen C1-INH function C4 Anti-C1-INH HAE-I N L - HAE-II N/H AAE-I AAE-II (autoimm.) N/L +++ Agostoni A J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2004
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COUNSELING & EDUCATION
MANAGEMENT COUNSELING & EDUCATION TREATMENT FOLLOW-UP Bowen J Allergy Clin Immunol 2004
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Farkas H Transfus Apher Sci 2003
COUNSELING & EDUCATION Individualized information to patient and parents Written information to school, pediatrician, & family practitioner Multilanguage infocard, hne service, hospital for emergencies Patient diary Drug for emergency Patient organizations, websites Farkas H Transfus Apher Sci 2003
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Elimination of precipitating factors
TREATMENT stress minor trauma infection Elimination of precipitating factors drugs hormons (estrogens) Prophylaxis with drugs Management of attack Farkas H Lancet 2001; Bouillet L Dermatology 2003
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Before surgery and instrumentation on the oropharynx, head and neck
PROPHYLAXIS WITH DRUGS Long-term antifibrinolytic agents (tranexamic acid) • ≥1 attack per month or • history of life-threatening attacks attenuated androgens C1-INH concentrate Short-term attenuated androgens 5 days before the intervention and for 2 days after Before surgery and instrumentation on the oropharynx, head and neck C1-INH concentrate, SDP, FFP Cicardi M J Allergy Clin Immunol 1991; Farkas H J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1999
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ANTIFIBRINOLYTIC AGENTS
SIDE EFFECTS ATTENUATED ANDROGENS ANTIFIBRINOLYTIC AGENTS Danazol, stanozolol, oxandrolone Tranexamic acid Epsilon-amino-caproic acid -seborrhoea, acne, hirsutism, weight gain, hair loss, deeping of the voice, menstrual irregularities,decrease breast size, myalgia, fatigue, headaches, SHBG ↓ -inzulin resistance↑, plasma glucagon↑, LDL, cholesterol↑, a HDL-cholesterol↓, Apo-AI and Apo-AII↓, TBG↓ -erythrocytosis, polycythaemia, thrombocytosis, eosinophylia, leukopenia, Prot. C, S ↑, antithrombin III ↑, haematuria -transaminase↑, hepatocellular adenoma and liver carcinoma thrombosis postural hypotension muscular pain and weekness creatine kinase ↑ aldolase ↑ rhabdomyolysis myositis fatigue Cicardi M J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1997; Széplaki G J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2005
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MINIMAL EFFECTIVE DOSE
FOLLOW-UP SIDE EFFECTS MINIMAL EFFECTIVE DOSE blood cell count liver & renal function, lipid profile, CK urinalysis abdominal ultrasound HIV, Hepatitis A,B,C, serology vaccination to Hepatitis B ALTERATION IN STATUS ADJUSTMENT OF THERAPY Gompels M Clin Exp Immunol 2005; Farkas H Lancet 1999
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MANAGEMENT OF ATTACK SEVERE MILD
pharyngeal/laryngeal face, lips edema abdominal attack severe edema of extremities, trunk neck & genitals SEVERE C1-INH concentrate, FFP,SDF Edema of the extremities, Mild abdominal attack tranexamic acid or danazol for 2-3 days MILD Corticosteroids, antihistamines, and epinephrine are INEFFECTIVE Farkas H JACI 2007; Prematta M Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2007; Bork K Transfusion 2005
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FUTURE TREATMENT OPTIONS
Trauma Prekallikrein Kallikrein inhibitor, DX88 XIIa Faktor ACE hC1-INH, rhC1-INH Kallikrein Bradykinin Des-Arg9-Bradykinin HMW-Kininogen Bradykinin receptor antagonist Icatibant edema Bork K J Allergy Clin Immunol 2007; Van Doom M J Allergy Clin Immunol 2005; Levy J Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2006
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