1. 1 Psychology 307: Cultural Psychology Lecture 19

2. Papers are due on Tuesday, April 3, 2012. Students must submit their papers during class. If you are unable to attend class on the day the paper is due, please have someone hand it in for you at the start of class. Late papers and papers left in mailboxes or submitted via e-mail will not be accepted. Paper Submission 2

3. In addition to submitting a hardcopy in class, you must submit your paper electronically to TurnItIn. The electronic copy submitted to TurnItIn must be identical to the hard copy submitted in class; do not change the content or format of the document. The electronic copy submitted to TurnItIn will be compared to the hard copy submitted in class; discrepancies may constitute academic misconduct. 3

4. Psychology 3054 TurnItIn is a plagiarism detection system that scans and compares your paper to online content (e.g., other students’ papers, websites such as Wikipedia). It provides an “originality report” that documents the overlap between your paper and online content. It indicates the source of plagiarized content (overlap is acceptable if it is properly cited—see APA guidelines). What is TurnItIn? 4

5. Psychology 3055 Go to www.turnitin.com To create your own account, click on “Create Account” in the upper right hand corner of the screen. You will need the following information to create your account or add this course to your existing account: TurnItIn Instructions Class ID: 4993612 Password: 307culture 5

6. Psychology 3056 Step-by-step instructions are available in the “Student Quickstart Guide” at http://www.turnitin.com/static/ support/guides_manuals.html You must submit your paper to TurnItIn by the due date of the paper. You will receive “0” on your paper if you do not submit it to TurnItIn by 11:59 pm on April 3. Additional Notes on TurnItIn 6

7. Psychology 3057 You may view your originality report before submitting your paper to address any concerns regarding plagiarism. Please contact your TA if you have any questions or difficulties submitting your paper to TurnItIn. 7

8. 8 Perception and Cognition 1.Does culture influence visual perception? (continued) 2.Does culture influence cognition?

9. 9 2. define the terms analytic thinking, holistic thinking, field independence, and field dependence. 1. review evidence supporting cultural differences in “object versus field.” By the end of today’s class, you should be able to:

10. 10 4. discuss the influence of analytic thinking and holistic thinking on categorization, attribution, prediction, and dialecticism. 3. discuss explanations for cultural differences in field independence and field dependence. 5. define the terms fundamental attribution error and hindsight bias.

11. 11 Does culture influence visual perception? (continued) (c) Tendency to Focus on “Object versus Field” (continued)

12. 12 ● The Rod and Frame Task (RFT):

13. 13 ●Research suggests that people from collectivistic cultures are more likely than people from individualistic cultures to perceive the rod as tilted. E.g., Ji, Peng, and Nisbett (2000): Found that Chinese, Japanese and Korean participants made more “errors” on the RFT than American participants of European descent.

14. 14 ●In light of such findings, theorists suggest that people from individualistic cultures are relatively high in “field independence,” whereas people from collectivistic cultures are relatively high in “field dependence.”

15. 15  Field independence: Reflects a tendency to separate the focal object from its environment and attend to its attributes.  Field dependence: Reflects a tendency to attend to the context that surrounds the focal object and the relationships among the objects in the environment.

16. 16 ●The greater field independence of individualists and greater field dependence of collectivists has been demonstrated using other methodologies:  Example: Masuda and Nisbett (2001)  Recruited Japanese and American participants.

17. Instructions: Describe what you see. 17

18.  Found that: Americans typically started by describing the focal animal (i.e., the wolf). Japanese typically started by describing the context (i.e., the snowy forest scene). 18

19. 19

20. Accuracy 20

21. 21  Example: Masuda, Ellsworth, et al. (2008)  Used an eye monitor to track participants’ eye gaze as they looked at images of cartoons.  Recruited Japanese and American participants.

22. How does the boy in the center feel? 22

23. American Gaze Japanese Gaze 23

24. 24

25. 25 ●Explanations for cultural differences field independence and dependence: (i) Socialization Members of collectivistic cultures are socialized to focus on the relations among people or objects. Members of individualistic cultures are socialized to focus on the attributes that distinguish people or objects.

26. 26 (ii) Landscape Complexity American landscapes are less ambiguous and contain fewer elements than East Asian landscapes. Accordingly, American environments direct one’s attention to focal objects, whereas East Asian environments direct one’s attention to the “field.” Example: Miyamoto et al. (2006):

27. 27

28. 28 Does culture influence cognition? ● Cultural differences in field dependence versus independence reflect a more general cognitive difference across cultures: People from individualistic cultures tend to engage in analytic thinking, whereas people from collectivistic cultures tend to engage in holistic thinking.

29. 29  Analytic thinking Characterized by a tendency to: (a) focus on discrete objects and their attributes and (b) use fixed abstract rules to explain and predict behaviour.  Holistic thinking Characterized by a tendency to: (a) focus on the context and (b) use the relations among objects and prior experience to explain and predict behaviour.

30. 30 ● Theorists (e.g., Nisbett et al., 2001) argue that these styles of thinking have their origins in ancient Greek and Chinese civilizations, respectively. ● In addition to their impact on perception (e.g., the RFT), these styles of thinking have a profound influence on a variety of cognitive processes:

31. 31 1. Categorization Americans are more likely than East Asians to categorize objects on the basis of their common attributes. East Asians are more likely than Americans to categorize objects on the basis of their temporal, causal, or spatial relationships.

32. 32 2. Attribution East Asians are more likely than Americans to attribute behaviour to situational factors. Americans are more likely than East Asians to attribute behaviour to the internal dispositions of the person (i.e., the fundamental attribution error).

33. 33 3. Prediction Americans are more likely than East Asians to consider internal dispositions when making predictions about how people will behave. East Asians are more likely than Americans to consider situational factors when making predictions about how people will behave in specific situations.

34. 34 Americans are more likely than East Asians to have difficulty tolerating contradiction. 4. Dialecticism (i.e., tolerance for contradiction) Among the principles that characterize Western intellectual tradition is Aristotle’s law of non- contradiction: A ≠ not A.

35. 35 East Asians are more likely than Americans to accept contradiction. Among the principles that characterize Asian intellectual tradition is the principle of contradiction: Because reality is in constant flux and all elements of the universe are connected to one another, contradiction ceases to exist.

36. 36 Yin and Yang

37. 37 Perception and Cognition 1.Does culture influence visual perception? (continued) 2.Does culture influence cognition?