1. Micro-EDM drilling of tapered holes for industrial applications Reporter: Ming-Tsung Hsu ID:M9510257

2. ABSTRACT To produce reverse tapered micro-holes using EDM, to a production standard that could be applied to real products in industry.

3. INTRODUCTION The benefits of being able to control the degree of taper are improved quality, consistency of product and improved product performance due to reduced hole- to-hole geometrical variation.

4. EXTRA EXAMPLE Diesel fuel injection nozzles EFFECT Reverse tapered holes are believed to give improvements in engine emissions due to an improved coefficient of discharge of the holes, and reduced cavitation..

5. Fig. 1. Schematic showing development of a hole with a neck.

6. REVERSE TAPERED HOLE DRILLING TECHNIQUE DEVELOPMENT Fig. 2. Example of electrode spool continuous feeding system on EDM systems.

7. Fig. 3. Example of the basic system used for these investigations; continuous feed of electrode is not possible; a fixed protrusion prior to drilling is set. De-ionised water is used as a dielectric

8. Fig. 4. Schematic of modified and improved fixture design.

9. Fig. 5. Impression of a hole from existing equipment straight and parallel. Diameter 140 m, hole length 1 mm, impression length ∼ 700 m RESULTS

10. Fig. 6. Impression of a hole clearly showing evidence of a neck at the left hand side.

11. Fig. 7. Impression of a tapered hole (35 m/mm) using the improved drilling technique

12. Fig. 8. SEM image of a sectioned EDM hole, showing a typical micro-EDM surface finish Ra 0.3 m.

13. Fig. 9. Image of a hole at electrode entry produced using the process improvements. (Hole diameter ∼ 130 m.)

14. Fig. 10. Plot of hole diameter variation from plates, selected at random, drilled during final test of the concept

15. Fig. 11. Plot of results of impression measurement of tapered holes from one part containing six holes. Diameter measurements are taken at 100 m intervals along the length of the impression.

16. FLOW TEST AND DISCUSSION 1:The angular momentum of the tip of the electrode increases as the depth of machining increases hence causing even more disturbance of the fluid and more flushing. L=mvr

17. 2:In the case of flow through an orifice, Yoda and Tsuda [9] showed that, by increasing the hole taper or radiusing the larger diameter hole, the coefficient of discharge of the hole could be improved. Q=μF√2ΔP÷ρ

18. 3:If reverse tapered holes can be used, then higher operating pressures are not required as the holes are more efficient.

19. CONCLUSIONS The work has shown that high quality reverse tapered holes can be produced, showing excellent hole form, with hole diameter variation within 3μm and cycle times similar to standard EDM for straight holes. The k-factor values up to k = 6.5 have been produced. The quality of hole surface finish has been maintained at Ra = 0.3m. The results have shown that the process is repeatable and stable.

20. THE END