1. The Use of Accelerator Beams for Calibration and Characterization of Solid State Nuclear Track Detectors Eric Benton Department of Physics Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA

2. Uses of Accelerators for SSNTD Research Calibration/Determination of NTD sensitivity Space Radiation Photoreaction and Dosimetry (calibration, intercomparison of detectors from different labs, assessment of shielding materials) Cosmic Ray (Astrophysics) Research Nuclear and Particle Physics Neutron Dosimetry Air Crew Dosimetry etc.

3. Accelerators useful for SSNTD Research Accelerator must produce particles that will result in tracks in CR-39 PNTD Tracks formed by primary particles (LET     keV/  m) –  12 MeV Protons –  200 MeV  -particles –ions of Z  6 of all energies Tracks formed by secondaries produced in nuclear interactions between primaries and heavy target nuclei –high energy protons –neutrons Range of particle in NTD must be sufficient to leave visible track after etching...low energy limitation.

4. Useful to (arbitrarily) group Accelerators by Beam Energy Primary Particles form Tracks Very High Energy Heavy Ion Accelerators High Energy Heavy Ion Accelerators Medium Energy Heavy Ion Accelerators Low Energy Heavy Ion/Proton Accelerators Secondary Particles Produce Tracks Medium to High Energy Proton Accelerators Spallation Neutron Sources

5. Very High Energy Heavy Ion Accelerator Facilities These facilities can accelerate heavy ions (Z>1) for use in SSNTD studies, but rarely do. Difficult to get beam time for SSNTD experiments on these accelerators.

6. High Energy Heavy Ion Accelerator Facilities Exemplified by the BEVALAC at Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory (closed in 1992) Probably the most useful for SSNTD work Particles: 1  Z  92 Energies: 100s MeV to 1-2 GeV LET     to  keV/  m Current (SSNTD Friendly) Facilities include: NIRS HIMAC in Chiba, Japan GSI SIS in Darmstadt, Germany JINR Phasotron/Nuclotron in Dubna, Russia

7. High Energy Heavy Ion Accelerator Facilities

8. Medium Energy Heavy Ion Accelerator Facilities Useful for SSNTD work Particles: 1  Z  92 Energies: 10’s MeV to 100 MeV LET     to  keV/  m Lower Energy  Shorter Range  Changing LET Current Facilities include: GANIL in Caens, France NSCL at Michigan State University, USA

9. Medium Energy Heavy Ion Accelerator Facilities * *not exhaustive list

10. Low Energy Heavy Ion Accelerator Facilities Limited usefulness in SSNTD work Particles: 1  Z  92 Energies: 1 to 10 MeV LET     keV/  m Low Energy  Very Short Range  Changing LET Low Energy  Very Short Range  over etch tracks Current Facilities include: GSI Unilac in Darmstadt, Germany BNL Tandem Van de Graaff in New York, USA

11. Low Energy Heavy Ion Accelerator Facilities * *not exhaustive list

12. Some Fine Print While accelerator might be capable of accelerating protons through U, often restricted to “menu” of beams. Advertised Beams Available at NIRS HIMAC

13. LET Calibration of CR-39 PNTD at NIRS HIMAC

14. Bragg Curves measured by HIMAC inline Ion Chamber/Binary Filter

15. Measured Track Distribution in NIRS HIMAC Multi-ion Detector

16. Typical Response Function for CR-39 PNTD * *Batch 24 USF-4 from American Technical Plastics, Inc.

17. Converting LET 200 CR-39 to LET  H 2 0 Ratio of LET  H 2 0 to LET 200 CR-39 as a function of energy for several Z from 1 to 54 Obviously Ratio is not a constant (or unique).

18. Converting LET 200 CR-39 to LET  H 2 0

19. ICCHIBAN Project (InterComparison of Cosmic-rays with Heavy Ion Beams At NIRS) Objectives of the ICCHIBAN Project Determine the response of space radiation dosimeters to heavy ions of charge and energy similar to that found in the galactic cosmic radiation (GCR) spectrum. Compare response and sensitivity of various space radiation monitoring instruments. Aid in reconciling differences in measurements made by various radiation instruments during space flight. Establish and characterize a heavy ion “reference standard” against which space radiation instruments can be calibrated.

20. ICCHIBAN-4: Passive Dosimeter Exposures

21. ICCHIBAN-4: 19-30 May 2003 Blind Exposures 60 Co g-rays 137 Cs g-rays 4 He 12 C 20 Ne 56 Fe 1. 60 Co g-rays25 mGy 2. 137 Cs g-rays25 mGy 3. Helium25 mGy 4. Space Simulation10 mGy1 mGy1000 cm -2 5. Equal Dose2 mGy 6. CR-39 Equal Fluence1000 cm -2 7. 5 g/cm 2 Al1 mGy 8. Carbon25 mGy

22. ICCHIBAN-4: Blind No. 4 CR-39 PNTD Delivered Dose: 0.39mGy, Delivered Dose Eq.: 7.20mSv

23. ICCHIBAN-4: Blind No. 4 Combined TLD/OSLD + CR-39 PNTD Delivered Dose: 12.15 mGy, Delivered Dose Eq.: 19.32 mSv

24. Proton and Carbon Beam Radiotherapy Accelerators ~30 Proton Cancer Treatment Centers operating worldwide ~10 more Proton Centers to become operation over next five years 4-5 Carbon Cancer Treatment Accelerators operating worldwide 2-3 Carbon Cancer Treatment Accelerators over next five years

25. Neutrons and High Energy Protons CR-39 PNTD exposed to 230 MeV Protons (LET     keV/  m at the Loma Linda University Medical Center Proton Therapy Facility All tracks are result of proton- and neutron-induced target fragment secondaries.

26. Measurement of Secondary Neutrons from Loma Linda Proton Beam using CR-39 PNTD

27. Integral LET Fluence Spectrum measured in CR-39 PNTD in TE Phantom outside the Loma Linda Treatment Field

28. Comparison of MCNPX and CR-39 PNTD Results for Secondary Neutrons from Loma Linda Proton Beam (all values Gy/Gy protons ) top value - MCNPX total physical dose relative to prescribed dose bottom value - CR-39 physical dose (LET  H 2 O  5 keV/  m) relative to prescribed dose

29. Concluding Remarks SSNTDs and Accelerators make up a “two-way street” Accelerators are useful in calibrating and investigating SSNTDs SSNTDs useful in characterizing Accelerator beams Together, both can be used for other science (e.g. nuclear physics measurements, ICCHIBAN) High Energy Heavy Ion Accelerators are often the most useful: Limited number of facilities New opportunities due to growth of Carbon Radiotherapy Beam time (often at no cost) is available through a proposal submission/review process.

30. Acknowledgements Nakahiro Yasuda, Yukio Uchihori, and Hisashi Kitamura of the National Institute for Radiological Sciences, Chiba, Japan Jack Miller of Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Dieter Schardt of Gessellschaft für Schwerionenforschung (GSI) Michael Moyers of Loma Linda University Medical Center

31. High Energy Spallation Neutron Facilities