1. lesson 11 Operating System Basics

2. Resource Manager - Resource include: CPU, memory, disk, network - OS allocates and de-allocates these resources Virtual Machine - provides an abstraction of a larger (or just different machine) - Example: - Virtual memory: looks like more memory - Java: pseudo machine that looks like a stack machine - IBM VM: a complete virtual machine Multiplexor - allows sharing of resources and protection What is an Operating System

3. Provider of Services - includes most of the things in the above definitions - provide “common” subroutes for the programmer - windowing systems - memory management The software that is always loaded/running - generally refers to the OS kernel - small protected piece of software All of these definitions are correct - but not all operating have all of these features What is OS (cont.)

4. Robustness - accept all valid input - detect and gracefully handle all invalid input - should not be possible to crash the OS Consistency - same operation should mean the same thing * read from a file or a network should look the same * a “-” flag should be the same in different commands - conventions * define the convention * follow the convention when adding new items Usability Goals

5. Proportionality - simple, common cases are easy and fast * good default values - complex, rare cases are possible but more complex and slower * “rm” should give a warning * formatting the disk should not be on the desktop next to the trash can Usability Goals (cont.)

6. This lesson includes the following sections: The User Interface Running Programs Managing Files Managing Hardware Utility Software

7. Graphical User Interfaces (GUIs) GUI Tools Applications and the Interface Menus Dialog Boxes Command-Line Interfaces The User Interface

8. Graphical User Interfaces (GUIs) GUI Tools Applications and the Interface Menus Dialog Boxes Command-Line Interfaces The User Interface

9. Most modern operating systems, like Windows and the Macintosh OS, provide a graphical user interface (GUI). A GUI lets you control the system by using a mouse to click graphical objects on screen. A GUI is based on the desktop metaphor. Graphical objects appear on a background (the desktop), representing resources you can use. The User Interface - Graphical User Interfaces (GUIs)

10. Icons Start menu Start button Taskbar Desktop Dialog box Program running in a window Window control buttons

11. Icons are pictures that represent computer resources, such as printers, documents, and programs. You double-click an icon to choose (activate) it, for instance, to launch a program. The Windows operating system offers two unique tools, called the taskbar and Start button. These help you run and manage programs. The User Interface - GUI Tools

12. Or, icons can be double-clicked to launch programs. The Windows start button can be used to launch programs.

13. Applications designed to run under one operating system use similar interface elements. Under an OS such as Windows, you see a familiar interface no matter what programs you use. In a GUI, each program opens and runs in a separate window—a frame that presents the program and its documents. In a GUI, you can run multiple programs at once, each in a separate window. The application in use is said to be the active window. The User Interface – Applications and the Interface

14. Titlebar Menubar Toolbar Scroll arrow Scroll box Scroll bar Click the Minimize button to reduce the program to a button on the taskbar. Click the Maximize button to restore the window to its previous size. Click the Close button to close the window altogether.

15. GUI-based programs let you issue commands by choosing them from menus. A menu groups related commands. For example, the File menu's commands let you open, save, and print document files. Menus let you avoid memorizing and typing command names. In programs designed for the same GUI, menus and commands are similar from one program to another. The User Interface - Menus

17. A dialog box is a special window that appears when a program or the OS needs more information before completing a task. Dialog boxes are so named because they conduct a "dialog" with the user, asking the user to provide more information or make choices. The User Interface - Dialog Boxes

19. Some older operating systems, such as DOS (Disk Operating System) and UNIX, use command-line interfaces. In a command-line interface, you type commands at a prompt. Under command-line interfaces, individual applications do not need to look or function the same way, so different programs can look very different. The User Interface - Command-Line Interfaces

20. The DOS Prompt is not seen much these days!

21. Basic Services Sharing Information Multitasking Running Programs

22. The operating system manages all the other programs that run on the PC. The operating system provides services to programs and the user, including file management, memory management, and printing To provide services to programs, the OS makes system calls—requesting other hardware and software resources to perform tasks. Running Programs - Basic Services

23. Some operating systems, such as Windows, enable programs to share information. You can create data in one program and use it again in other programs without re-creating it. Windows provides the Clipboard, a special area that stores data cut or copied from one document, so you can re-use it elsewhere. Running Programs - Sharing Information

24. 1 2 3 1 Information is clipped from one application (Excel) 2 Using the clipboard Viewer to examine the information Pasting the information into another application (WordPro) 3

25. Multitasking is the capability of running multiple processes simultaneously. A multitasking OS lets you run multiple programs at the same time. Through multitasking, you can do several chores at one time, such as printing a document while downloading a file from the Internet. There are two types of multitasking: cooperative and preemptive. Running Programs - Multitasking

27. The operating system keeps track of all the files on each disk. Users can make file management easier by creating a hierarchical file system that includes folders and subfolders arranged in a logical order. Managing Files

29. The OS uses interrupt requests (IRQs) to maintain organized communication with the CPU and other pieces of hardware. Each hardware device is controlled by a piece of software, called a driver, which allows the OS to activate and use the device. The operating system provides the software necessary to link computers and form a network. Managing Hardware

31. A utility is a program that performs a task that is not typically handled by the operating system. Some utilities enhance the operating system's functionality. Some of the major categories of utilities include: File defragmentation Data compression Backup Antivirus Screen savers Utility Software

32. lesson 11 review Name four components found in most graphical user interfaces. Describe the operating system’s role in running software programs. Explain how the OS enables users to manage files. List three hardware management tasks performed by an OS. Name five types of utility software.

33. Project 4 due Oct. 29 Login to Unix or Linux machine and run the following commands: script t whoami man passwd passwd w finger ccf finger pwd arch ls ls -la ls –lt which latex df –k du -s date ps exit more t cp t t1 mv t t2 cat t2 diff t1 t2 chmod 700 t1 http://www.cmlab.csie.ntu.edu.tw/~locking/IntroCS.htm