1. Major Plant Groups

2. Group 1: Seedless, Nonvascular Plants
Live in moist environments
Need water to reproduce
Grow low to ground (nonvascular)
Lack true leaves
Common pioneer species
Gametophyte most common (dominant)
Ex: Mosses, liverworts, hornworts

3. Group 2: Seedless, Vascular Plants
Vascular system
Taller growth
Nutrient transportation
Live in moist environments
swimming sperm
Has primitive roots called rhizoids
Gametophyte stage
Called Prothallus
Creates egg and sperm
Sporophyte stage
Leaves called “Fronds”
Spores created on underside in clusters called “sori”
Ex: Ferns, Club mosses, Horsetails

4. Fern Frond

5. Underside of frond

6. Group 3: Seed producing, Vascular Plants
Type 1: Gymnosperms
Needle-like leaves (reduces water loss)
Common to lumber industry
Seeds enclosed in cones
Male cones: produce pollen (sperm)
Female cones: produce eggs
Zygote hardens into seed (protected inside cones)
Ex: Evergreen, Pine, Redwood, Cedar

7. Gymnosperm Life Cycle
1) Male and female seed cones grow on adult sporophytes
Let’s zoom into the cones of this sporophyte tree.
Male cones
Female cone

8. 2) Pollen (male gametophyte) released from the male seed cones.
Female eggs become fertilized
Zygote created inside the female cones
Male cones make pollen
Female cones make eggs
zygote
egg
zygote
egg
zygote
egg
egg
zygote

9. 3) Seeds begin to harden inside the female cones

10. 4) Seeds often spread by wind
“wing” helps seeds spread greater distance

11. 5) Seed will land
ground

12. 6) Seedling grows into (sporophyte)…the cycle repeats
ground

13. Wind Wind Wind Seed Advantages
1) Seed plants don’t depend on water to reproduce
Pollen spread by wind and animals
2) Embryo has….
Nourishment: Nutrients inside feed embryo
Protection: Hard shell
3) Seeds allow for dispersal
Carried by wind, water, animals
Wind
Wind
Wind
Some seeds have “wings”
Some seeds are carried by wind
Some seeds are carried by animals

14. Helicopter seeds

15. Group 4: Flowering Plants
Angiosperms (flowering plants)
Flower = reproductive structure
Attract animals to help spread pollen
Forms fruit to protect and spread seeds
Seeds
Grow inside the fruit
Inside the seed
1. Embryo
2. Food supply

16. Seed Dispersal Fruit brightly colored Attracts animals
Seeds pass through animals digestive system
Seeds pooped in a new area to grow
Fruit seeds in fox poop

17. Angiosperm Groups 2 groups: Based on seed type
Cotyledon: embryonic leaf
Two Categories:
Monocots: embryo with 1 seed leaf
Dicots: embryo with 2 seed leaves

18. Monocots vs. Dicots
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19. Apple Tree: Monocot or Dicot?2 1 3
Net-like veins 4 5

20. Monocot or Dicot? 2 1 3 4 6 5

21. Monocot or Dicot?

22. Monocot or Dicot?

23. Monocot or Dicot?
Veins run parallel

24. Monocot or Dicot?
Veins run parallel

25. Monocot or Dicot?
Veins branch outward

26. Angiosperm Life Spans Three Life Span Types: 1) Annuals 2) Biennials
Seed grows…
Produce flowers & seeds…
Die
2) Biennials
1st year:
Seed grows and stores food
2nd year:
grows more…
makes flowers & seeds…
dies
3) Perennials
Live for more than 2 years
May take decades to grow fruit

27. Flowers Reproductive structure of angiosperms Sepals
outer ring of leaves
protection
Petals
Inner ring of leaves
Brightly colored to attract pollinators
Male and female organs found inside
petals
sepals

28. Tulip Pistil and Stamen
female
male

29. Lily Pistil and Stamen
female
male

30. Pistil and Stamen
female
male

31. Pistil and Stamen
female
male

32. Flowers Male Stamen Female Carpel/Pistil
Anther: produces pollen (sperm)
Female Carpel/Pistil
Inner most part
Ovary: within the base
Contains eggs
Grows into fruit when fertilized
Stigma: sticky tip, collects pollen

33. Self-Pollination (own pollen fertilizes own egg). . .

34. Cross-Pollination (pollen of one, fertilizes egg of another). . .

35. Here is an apple tree….lets zoom into an individual flower.
Angiosperm Life Cycle
1) Pollen sticks to animal or released into wind
Here is an apple tree….lets zoom into an individual flower.
2) Insect flies away covered in pollen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

36. Angiosperm Life Cycle
1) Pollen sticks to animal or released into wind
2) Insect flies away covered in pollen
3) Insect comes across another flower and spreads the pollen . . . . . . . . . . . .

37. Angiosperm Life Cycle
1) Pollen sticks to animal or released into wind
2) Insect flies away covered in pollen .
3) Insect comes across another flower and spreads the pollen
4) Pollen tube grows towards ovary

38. Angiosperm Life Cycle
1) Pollen sticks to animal or released into wind
2) Insect flies away covered in pollen . .
3) Insect comes across another flower and spreads the pollen
4) Pollen tube grows towards ovary
5) Nucleus travels down pollen tube to fertilize egg

39. Angiosperm Life Cycle . . ovary seed
1) Pollen sticks to animal or released into wind
2) Insect flies away covered in pollen .
ovary
3) Insect comes across another flower and spreads the pollen
seed .
4) Pollen tube grows towards ovary
5) Nucleus travels down pollen tube to fertilize egg
6) Zygote hardens into seed…flower starts to die

40. Angiosperm Life Cycle ovary
1) Pollen sticks to animal or released into wind
2) Insect flies away covered in pollen
ovary
3) Insect comes across another flower and spreads the pollen
4) Pollen tube grows towards ovary
5) Nucleus travels down pollen tube to fertilize egg
6) Zygote hardens into seed…flower starts to die
7) Ovary grows into a fruit (seeds insides)

41. Angiosperm Life Cycle 1) Pollen sticks to animal or released into wind
2) Insect flies away covered in pollen
3) Insect comes across another flower and spreads the pollen
4) Pollen tube grows towards ovary
5) Nucleus travels down pollen tube to fertilize egg
6) Zygote hardens into seed…flower starts to die
7) Ovary grows into a fruit (seeds insides)

42. Angiosperm Life Cycle 1) Pollen sticks to animal or released into wind
2) Insect flies away covered in pollen
3) Insect comes across another flower and spreads the pollen
4) Pollen tube grows towards ovary
5) Nucleus travels down pollen tube to fertilize egg
6) Zygote hardens into seed…flower starts to die
7) Ovary grows into a fruit (seeds insides)

43. A few hours later…
seed

44. Seedling begins to grow…

45. Years later….

46. HW: Bring a flower and leaf to school
HW: Bring a flower and leaf to school. One with distinct male and female parts.