1. LAN 404 BEGINNING HEBREW II Class IV: Definite Article and Conjunction Waw Dr. Esa Autero

2. Definite article and conjunction Waw 1.1 Introduction  Definite and indefinite article in English  Noun is definite when preceded by “the” (definite article)  The teacher, the mountain  Noun is indefinite when preceded by “a/an” or no article  An apple, a teacher (indefinite article) OR apple, teacher (no article)  Definite article in Hebrew  There is only definite article in Hebrew (no indefinite article in Hebrew)  מֶ ֫ לֶךְ may be translated as “king” or “a king”  Hebrew words w/o definite article are indefinite  Exceptions: proper nouns (e.g. Egypt) & nouns w/ possessive pronouns (my ear)

3. Definite article and conjunction Waw 2.1 Hebrew Definite Article  Form of Hebrew definite article  מֶ ֫ לֶךְ  “king” or “a king”  A noun is made definite by adding the Hebrew definite article (הַ) in front of the noun AND adding Daghesh Forte in the first consonant of the noun  מֶ ֫ לֶךְ  “king” or “a king”  הַמ ֫ ֶּלֶךְ  “the king”

4. Definite article and conjunction Waw  Hebrew words with a definite article – examples

5. Definite article and conjunction Waw  The article and initial begadkephat consonants  With begadkephat  initial Daghesh Lene changes into Daghesh Forte  Nothing visibly changes, but Daghesh Lene is now Daghesh Forte

6. Definite article and conjunction Waw  The article and initial guttural consonants  What to do with Daghesh Forte when first consonant is guttural (or ר )?  guttural consonants do not take Daghesh Forte 1) Compensatory lengthening  Initial Pathach (short a) of the definite article ( הַ ) lengthens to Qamets (long a)  הָ  Definite article compensates for the loss of Daghesh Forte by lengthening vowels Basic patterns for compensatory vowel lengthening: 1)Pathach to Qamets ( בָּ בַּ ) 2)Hireq to Tsere ( בֵּ בִּ ) 3)Qibbuts to Holem ( בֹּ בֻּ ) Basic patterns for compensatory vowel lengthening: 1)Pathach to Qamets ( בָּ בַּ ) 2)Hireq to Tsere ( בֵּ בִּ ) 3)Qibbuts to Holem ( בֹּ בֻּ )

7. Definite article and conjunction Waw  Examples of vowel lengthening

8. Definite article and conjunction Waw 2) Virtual doubling  When ה or ח is the first consonant of a noun  virtual doubling  Nothing happens – (rejection of Daghesh Forte w/o the lengthening of Pathach)  Pathach does not lengthen in either example

9. Definite article and conjunction Waw 3) Irregular Seghol vowel  Unaccented nouns that begin with עָ, הָ or חָ ( חָ may also be accented), have Seghol (short e) without the Daghesh Forte ( הֶ )

10. Definite article and conjunction Waw  The article with initial יְ and מְ  With few exceptions, words that begin with יְ or מְ give up Daghesh Forte.  Daghesh Forte given up but Pathach is not lengthened  This is similar to virtual doubling with gutturals – however, the Shewa under the first consonant is Vocal per similarity to basic form of the article w/ Daghesh Forte

11. Definite article and conjunction Waw  Vowel changes  Basic rules (see previous slides) + exceptions  NOTE: concentrate on stable elements – things that do not change  - הַ prefix (vowels and Daghesh change)  Stem of the word does not change (almost always)  Examples of words that have slight irregularities (Qamets under 1 st consonant)

12. Definite article and conjunction Waw 2.2 The Conjunction וְ  וְ is the most frequent word in the Hebrew Bible (<50,000x)  On average 2.5x per verse  Always prefixed to another word (never stand-alone)  ו has four basic spelling possibilities depending on the word it is attached to 1) Before most consonants, the conjunction appears as וְ  וְע ֫ ֶבֶד and a servant  וְאִשָּׁה and a woman  וְהָאִשָּׁה and the woman

13. Definite article and conjunction Waw 2) Two situation when the conjunction appears differently a) It is spelled וּ before labials ( פ, מ, ב )  “BUMP” rule  begadkephat consonants will loose the Daghesh Lene with the conjunction

14. Definite article and conjunction Waw b) The conjunction ו is also spelled as Shureq (וּ) before most consonants having Vocal Shewa  Exception to the rule: if the conjunction ו is prefixed to a word that begins with the syllable יְ then the syllables contract to  וְ + יְהוּדָה וִהוּדָה and Judah

15. Definite article and conjunction Waw 3) Before a reduced Hateph vowel – the conjunction is spelled with the corresponding short vowel of the Hateph vowel.  One important exception: וֵאלֹהִים אֱלֹהִים + ו

16. Definite article and conjunction Waw 4) The conjunction may be spelled with a Qamets וָ before monosyllabic words and certain word with initial accent  How do you know when a word starts with ו and when it is a conjunction?  Only six words in the Hebrew Bible that start with the consonant ו  The words occur only 18x in the Hebrew Bible in total  When you see a word with an initial ו it is most likely the conjunction ו

17. Definite article and conjunction Waw  Practice  Workbook p. 21, no: 1-5, 10-15  p. 22, no: 1-10  Homework  Workbook p. 23, no:1-9 “Bible Translation”  Practice letters and reading (out loud) – e.g. words on vocabulary & workbook  Vocabulary quiz (Ch. 5) on words pp. 46-47 (5.9)  EXAM I POSTPONED BY ONE WEEK  Exam I: Tue 9/29/2015