1. Modes of generalizing from a case A. Logic of replication B. Theory generating C. Naturalistic generalisation

2. Logic of replication Case 1 Hypothesis H1 tested in the case and verified

3. Logic of replication Case 1 Hypothesis H1 tested in the case and verified Case 2 Hypothesis H1 tested in a critical case and verified OR falsified

4. Logic of replication Case 1 Hypothesis H1 tested in the case and verified Case 2 Hypothesis H1 tested in a critical case and verified OR falsified Revised hypothesis H2 tested in a critical case and verified OR falsified Case 3

5. THEORY (HYPOTHESIS) THEORETICAL CONSEQUENSE Deduction 1. A conceptual experiment

6. THEORY (HYPOTHESIS) THEORETICAL CONSEQUENSE CASE (EXPERIMENT) EMPIRICAL FACT Deduction 2. An empirical experiment

7. THEORY (HYPOTHESIS) THEORETICAL CONSEQUENSE CASE (EXPERIMENT) EMPIRICAL FACT THEORY (is valid or not valid in this case) Deduction 3. Comparison

8. Modes of generalizing from a case A. Logic of replication The domain of the theory THEORY (Hypothesis) + CASE

9. FACTS Theory generating

10. CASE THEORY FACTS Induction Theory generating

11. Modes of generalizing from a case B. Theory generating THEORY CASE + FACTS

12. Abduction “The surprising fact, C, is observed; But if A were true, C would be a matter of course, Hence, there is reason to suspect that A is true” Charles Sanders Peirce

13. Abduction “[Abduction] is where we find some very curious circumstance, which would be explained by the supposition that it was a case of a certain rule, and thereupon adopt that supposition”. Charles Sanders Peirce

14. FACT

15. THEORY

16. FACT THEORY CASE Abduction

17. FACT THEORY CASE Abduction

18. “[Abduction] is where we find some very curious circumstance, which would be explained by the supposition that it was a case of a certain rule, and thereupon adopt that supposition. Or where we find that in certain respects two objects have strong resemblance, and that they resemble one another strongly in other respects” Charles Sanders Peirce

20. Abduction Naturalistic generalisation

21. Reflection-in-Action “When someone learns a practice, he is initiated into the traditions of a community of practitioners and the practice world they inhabit. He learns their conventions, constraints, languages, and appreciative systems, their repertoire of exemplars, systematic knowledge, and patterns of knowing-in-action.” Donald Schön

22. Modes of generalizing from a case C. Naturalistic generalization An actual problem situation CASE … A repertoire of cases

23. Modes of generalizing from a case B. Theory generating THEORY CASE + FACTS A. Logic of replication The domain of the theory THEORY (Hypothesis) + CASE C. Naturalistic generalization An actual problem situation CASE …