1. MET 2204 METEOROLOGY Presentation 2: Introduction to Meteorology 1Presented by Mohd Amirul for AMC

2. Learning Outcomes At the end of this session, student should be able to: – Appreciate the significance of meteorology in the world of aviation. – Get some idea and overview regarding meteorology. 2Presented by Mohd Amirul for AMC

3. What is METEOROLOGY?? 3Presented by Mohd Amirul for AMC

4. Definition of Meteorology Derived from Greek words: Meteoron – ‘high in the sky’ Logos – ‘knowledge’ The branch of science dealing with the earth’s atmosphere and the physical process occurring in it. Its Including moisture, temperature, cloud coverage, pressure, and other meteorological conditions. 4Presented by Mohd Amirul for AMC

5. Cont. Meteorologist: Scientists who study the atmosphere. They examine its effects on the environment, predict the weather, or investigate climate trends. 5Presented by Mohd Amirul for AMC

6. So what is the atmosphere?? 6Presented by Mohd Amirul for AMC

7. The Atmosphere layer of gases surrounding the planet Earth that is retained by Earth's gravity. The earth’s atmosphere varies vertically and Horizontally in: Pressure Temperature Density Humidity 7Presented by Mohd Amirul for AMC

8. Is air the same as atmosphere? 8Presented by Mohd Amirul for AMC

9. air usually refers to atmosphere that is breathable to us, while atmosphere is any pressurized gas environment. So is there any air and/or atmosphere in other planet?? 9Presented by Mohd Amirul for AMC

10. Application of METEOROLOGY Aviation Agriculture Hydromete- orology NuclearMaritime 10Presented by Mohd Amirul for AMC

11. Importance of Meteorology in Aviation Aviation meteorology deals with the impact of weather on air traffic management. Overall climatic weather conditions to be faced by an aviator with changing of seasons. Knowing the potential weather to ensure flight journey safely. 11Presented by Mohd Amirul for AMC

12. What’s the difference between weather and climate? 12Presented by Mohd Amirul for AMC

13. WeatherClimate The state of atmospheric conditions at the present time. Weather is what is happening now. (e.g. People watch the news to see what the weather will be for the day or tomorrow). Average weather conditions for a region. Weather over a long period of time in the specific area/region. (e.g. the climate of Oregon is mild weather, with rain.) 13Presented by Mohd Amirul for AMC

14. Basic concept of Weather Why there are variation in temperature for every regions? – Earth’s equator received more solar radiation than earth’s poles. So it warmer than poles. Why there are variation in weather? – Temperature difference results because land and water (different medium) don’t absorb solar radiation equally. – So, warm air and cold air mixing in atmosphere result changing of weather. 14Presented by Mohd Amirul for AMC

15. Cont. What caused of wind flow? – Difference in pressure in atmosphere. – Air tend to move from area of high pressure to low pressure. 15Presented by Mohd Amirul for AMC

16. How Weather can be Hazardous to Aviation? 1. Turbulence/Windshear - bumpiness in flight - structural damage to an aircraft - lose of altitude 2. Icing - change in flight performance - increase in weight and uneven loading. - engine intakes become blocked - control surfaces jam 16Presented by Mohd Amirul for AMC

17. 3.Thunderstorms / lightning - Can caused electrical/electronic systems failure - Affect radio communications and navigation equipment 4.Heavy rain / hail - reduction of visibility - affect braking and possible sliding off the runway -hail can affect the aircraft’s aerodynamics - hail can damage propeller and engine blades Cont. 17Presented by Mohd Amirul for AMC

18. 5.Snow - affect the airflow into the engines - affect braking action - disturbing the aerodynamics & weight of the aircraft - resultant error of the airspeed and altitude indication -visibility 6.Fog/Mist - degrade the visibility that affected the landing. 7.Low cloud/Poor visibility - can caused collision Cont. 18Presented by Mohd Amirul for AMC

19. Statistics of Air Disaster caused by Weather Problem 19Presented by Mohd Amirul for AMC

20. Causes of Fatal Accidents by Decade (percentage) Cause1950s1960s1970s1980s1990s2000sAll Pilot Error40322425272629 Pilot Error (weather related) 11181417211716 Pilot Error (mechanical related) 7542435 Total Pilot Error58574244534650 Other Human Error 0896886 Weather161013159912 Mechanical Failure 21202321 2822 Sabotage5511131099 Other Cause0221011 20Presented by Mohd Amirul for AMC

21. Percent of Accidents with Known Causes 21Presented by Mohd Amirul for AMC

22. Example of Air Disaster Caused by Weather 22Presented by Mohd Amirul for AMC

23. Pan Am Flight 759 July 9 th, 1982 Encountered severe windshear and descended into a residential area. The aircraft crashed on takeoff from runway 10 at New Orleans International Airport 153 people were killed (145 passengers and crew on board and 8 on the ground) Boeing 727 23Presented by Mohd Amirul for AMC

24. Buffalo Air Crash February 12 th, 2009 The aircraft, on a scheduled passenger flight from Newark, crashed while on approach to the Buffalo/Niagara International Airport Snow and haze conditions, and ice on the windshield and leading edge of the wings. All 49 persons aboard the plane were killed, as well as one man on the ground Bombardier Dash 8Q-400 N200WQ 24Presented by Mohd Amirul for AMC

25. Conclusion Meteorology is the scientific study of the atmosphere that focuses on weather processes and forecasting. Meteorology has application in many diverse fields such as the military, energy production, transport, agriculture and construction. 25Presented by Mohd Amirul for AMC

26. Cont. FOO should have sufficient knowledge and skill to interpret and predict meteorological information efficiently. They must use this information to ensure flight journey safety. 26Presented by Mohd Amirul for AMC

27. Key Points Definition of Meteorology Different between weather and climate Importance of Meteorological in Aviation 27Presented by Mohd Amirul for AMC

28. End of Presentation #2 5 Minutes for Q/A session 28Presented by Mohd Amirul for AMC

29. Task: Do some research and study regarding next topic: Atmosphere 29Presented by Mohd Amirul for AMC

30. Quote of the Day Sunshine is delicious, rain is refreshing, wind braces us up, snow is exhilarating; there is really no such thing as bad weather, only different kinds of good weather =) ~John Ruskin 30Presented by Mohd Amirul for AMC