1. An Introduction to Cosmic Times: Astronomy History and Science for the Classroom Jim Lochner (USRA/GSFC) Barb Mattson (Adnet/GSFC) March 21, 2009 NSTA/New Orleans

2. The year is 1919… What’s going on? What’s going on in science? What is your view of the Universe? ❉ Unchanging/static ❉ Infinite ❉ Ageless

3. Enter Einstein What is Gravity? Gravity is curved space-time. ❊ Gravity bends light. ❊ Amount of deflection differs from Newton’s prediction. 1919 Solar Eclipse verified Einstein’s prediction.

4. Cosmic Times Curriculum support materials that trace our changing understanding of the expanding Universe over the past century Includes: 6 posters resembling newspaper front pages 2 newsletter versions for each poster, one at a differentiated reading level 4-5 lesson plans for each poster exploring fundamental science, social context, and reading skills You will receive a DVD containing all of these materials at the end of this workshop

5. Unchanging Universe? Einstein’s theory of gravity implies universe is not static - it’s expanding or contracting. Einstein was troubled by a non- static Universe. Cosmological Constant keeps the Universe static.

6. Skip ahead to 1929… Hubble discovered that “spiral nebulae” are “island universes” Hubble went on to study external galaxies.

7. Hubble’s Other Contribution... Edwin Hubble measured the distance and redshift of many galaxies. ( Much of the work done by Humason.) “Tedium & solitude are the inseparable companions of scholarship.” You and your students can replicate their work with our “Determining the Universe” lesson.

8. Galaxy Distances Hubble used Cepheid variables to determine distances Our lesson plan uses images What do we need to know to determine the distance to the galaxy in this picture? ❊ Size of the galaxy Assume 100,000 ly ❊ Magnification of the image, or the size of the area of the photograph This image is 0.9° wide ❊ A bit of trig…or the Rule of 57 An object that subtends 1° has distance = 57 x its actual size Image is from Harvard-Smithsonian’s MicroObservatory

9. Redshift Redshift measures how fast an object is moving toward or away from the observer. In the activity, redshifts or recession velocities can be found either in “information cards” or on the Internet

10. Put it all together… Hubble made a plot of distance versus recession velocity.

11. Hubble’s Law All galaxies are receding away. The further a galaxy, the faster it appears to be moving. Expanding Universe

12. Hubble’s Law All galaxies are receding away. The further a galaxy, the faster it appears to be moving. Expanding Universe

13. Now it is 1955… Scientists debate: Is Universe … ❊ ageless and infinite? ❊ finite, with hot “bang” beginning? Both theories account for observations. Deadlock!

14. Breaking the Stalemate A hot “bang” should leave left-over heat. That heat should still be around. Where to look in the EM spectrum? Many looked. Some concluded it would be too faint to detect.

15. In 1965, Enter Dumb Luck * Penzias and Wilson were making radio observations of the Milky Way. Effort to reduce noise in the detector left them with a mysterious 3 K residual. Peebles and Dicke (Princeton) had just calculated an estimate for the temperature of the residual background in the microwave region. * Not to imply that the researchers were dumb – quite the opposite, in fact!

16. In 1965, Enter Dumb Luck The CMB was predicted by Big Bang Theory while Steady State theory has no such prediction. The signal peaks in the microwave, so is called the Cosmic Microwave Background radiation, or CMB for short.

17. Let’s Explore the CMB Turn the balloon to the side that looks like this image. The “dots” represent galaxies. The “wave” represents the wavelength of light emitted in the Big Bang.

18. Characteristics of the CMB? We’ve seen that the CMB is ❊ isotropic – observed in all directions ❊ smooth – similar in all directions What does our Universe look like today? ❊ Lumpy/structured, not smooth! ❊ Problem!! We need *some* lumpiness – some “anisotropies”

19. Jump Ahead to 1993… NASA’s COBE mission finds “lumps” found in the CMB! These “lumps” are tiny, consisting of changes on the order of 1 part in 10 5. But they are enough to produce the structure we see.

20. Explore CMB Anisotropy Go back to your balloon, turn it to the other side. Imagine that gray is one temperature, pink (or balloon color) another temperature. Region 1 Region 2

21. Cosmology’s End? By the mid-90s, cosmologists thought that they had only to “fill in the details”. Remaining questions: ❊ Will the expansion continue forever, or will Universe eventually collapse back on itself? ❊ What is the mass-density of the Universe (which would answer the above)?

22. Cosmology’s End? Things may not be what they seem. When we see odd behavior, we look more carefully at what’s going on.

23. Not the End In 1997 … Recall, we were looking to “fill in the details” of the Universe’s expansion. Given that gravity is the longest- reaching force according to physics, the expansion of the Universe should be slowing down…

24. Slowing Expansion? These supernovae are more distant than expected. Space-time has expanded more than expected. Velocity Distance (via SN Ia) More distant galaxies recede from us more rapidly.

25. Expansion History of the Universe

26. By 2006… Dark energy is well- established, having been detected in many ways. Still, the nature of DE is largely a mystery. Stay tuned to this continuing science story…

27. The year is 2009… What’s going on? What’s going on in science? What is your view of the Universe? ❉ Changing ❉ Finite ❉ 13.7 Billion Years Old

28. Cosmic Times http://cosmictimes.gsfc.nasa.gov/ Posters, Newsletters, Teacher Guide, Lessons