1. Poster Print Size: This poster template is 24” high by 36” wide. It can be used to print any poster with a 2:3 aspect ratio including 36x54 and 48x72. Placeholders: The various elements included in this poster are ones we often see in medical, research, and scientific posters. Feel free to edit, move, add, and delete items, or change the layout to suit your needs. Always check with your conference organizer for specific requirements. Image Quality: You can place digital photos or logo art in your poster file by selecting the Insert, Picture command, or by using standard copy & paste. For best results, all graphic elements should be at least 150-200 pixels per inch in their final printed size. For instance, a 1600 x 1200 pixel photo will usually look fine up to 8“-10” wide on your printed poster. To preview the print quality of images, select a magnification of 100% when previewing your poster. This will give you a good idea of what it will look like in print. If you are laying out a large poster and using half-scale dimensions, be sure to preview your graphics at 200% to see them at their final printed size. Please note that graphics from websites (such as the logo on your hospital's or university's home page) will only be 72dpi and not suitable for printing. [This sidebar area does not print.] Change Color Theme: This template is designed to use the built-in color themes in the newer versions of PowerPoint. To change the color theme, select the Design tab, then select the Colors drop-down list. The default color theme for this template is “Office”, so you can always return to that after trying some of the alternatives. Printing Your Poster: Once your poster file is ready, visit www.genigraphics.com to order a high-quality, affordable poster print. Every order receives a free design review and we can deliver as fast as next business day within the US and Canada. Genigraphics® has been producing output from PowerPoint® longer than anyone in the industry; dating back to when we helped Microsoft® design the PowerPoint® software. US and Canada: 1-800-790-4001 Email: info@genigraphics.com [This sidebar area does not print.] Carbon Nanotubes for Water Filtration Carbon Nanotubes Benefits of Carbon Nanotubes Sustainability Drawbacks and SolutionsCurrent Use Figure 1. Right – single walled carbon nanotube Left – multi-walled carbon nanotube Background William Confer Kayla LeMaster University of Pittsburgh Swanson School of Engineering Water scarcity leads to health issues by lowering the availability of safe to consume foods and drinks. The United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) warns that ingesting impure water can cause cholera, diarrhea, dysentery, typhoid, and hepatitis. These water borne diseases account for over 3% of worldwide deaths, and drinking of contaminated water has become the largest killer of children under the age of five. The Worldwide Health Organization and UNICEF estimate that nearly two thousand children die every day from unsafe water. Many of these issues can be avoided if the water was effectively treated and purified. Carbon nanotube filters currently being produced by Seldon Technologies exceed the United States Environmental Protection Agency’s water purification standards, with 99.9999 percent of bacteria, 99.9 percent of cysts, and 99.99 percent of viruses found in water sources being effectively removed. Depending on how the tubes are manipulated and developed, they are also able to filter out colors, bad taste, and odors as well as more serious chemicals, bacteria, viruses, cyanobacteria toxins, organic matter, and heavy metals from the unsanitary water. Their filters utilize the low operating pressure of carbon nanotubes in small point of use filtration systems. These systems are perfect for use in areas where populations are dispersed and a centralized main filtration system would be inefficient. Carbon nanotubes have many benefits over conventional filtration methods. The drawbacks of more common filtration methods are shown in table 1. Carbon nanotubes are effective at filtering out multiple different contaminants from unsanitary water. Depending on how the tubes are modified and developed, carbon nanotube filters are able to remove bacteria, viruses, cyanobacteria toxins, natural organic matter, and heavy metals such as mercury or lead. One of the major benefits of carbon nanotubes is their exhibited antimicrobial characteristic. Carbon nanotubes exhibit antimicrobial characteristics over a large range of microorganisms including: bacteria and bacteria endospores, protozoa, and viruses. Bacteria and viruses trapped inside the pores of these membranes are unable to reproduce or survive. Another benefit is the tubes water permeability. The permeability of carbon nanotubes in relation to other filtration methods is highlighted in chart 1. Carbon nanotubes are perfect for future use in small, rural communities. Their low operating pressure and longevity will provide a sustained source of potable water for each household they are implemented in. Carbon nanotube filters also do not have a sustained cost associated with them. Once they are implemented the cost of maintenance is very low. Many communities were not trained how to effectively use chemical filtration systems. Therefore, their water always had a bad taste. These communities are now opposed to any systems that have a chemical taste. Carbon nanotube filters do not use chemicals in any way for filtration. So using carbon nanotubes would provide a sustainable, culturally relevant solution to issues in communities around the world. Carbon nanotubes are composed of sheets of graphene rolled up in tube-like structures with the appearance of a latticework fence. There are two major types of carbon nanotubes. Single-walled carbon nanotubes consist of a single shell of graphene, and multi-walled carbon nanotubes are composed of multiple layers of graphene. The differences between them are visualized in figure 1. Both types are produced by the decomposition of hydrocarbons in a chemical reactor. Both single and multi-walled carbon nanotubes are used in membranes for water filtration and desalination. The main types of membrane-structured nanotubes are classified as vertically aligned and mixed matrix. Vertically aligned membranes membranes are created by fixing carbon nanotubes in parallel alignment to each other with filler material between them. A mixed matrix membrane consists of several layers of polymers mixed with carbon nanotubes. The carbon nanotubes are not required to be of a homogeneous mixture, easing the formation of these membranes. Chart 1. Water permeability of filtration methods Table 1. Issues with conventional filtration methods TypeIssues Ultraviolet No residual effect Cannot remove non-living contaminants Ineffective in cloudy water Distillation Require large amounts of energy and water Pollutants with low boiling points are not removed Reverse Osmosis Cannot remove volatile organic compounds, chemicals, chlorine, or pharmaceuticals Slow flow rates Carbon Filter Susceptible to mold Requires frequent replacement DrawbackInfoSolution Cost $25-$38 per kilogram to produce Cheaper carbon stock material can be used Expected to reduce costs below $10 a kilogram Dangers Studies show tubes cause damage to mammals Carbon nanotubes can be contained in the filters Companies seem to have resolved the dangers as carbon nanotube filters are already in use

2. Poster Print Size: This poster template is 24” high by 36” wide. It can be used to print any poster with a 2:3 aspect ratio including 36x54 and 48x72. Placeholders: The various elements included in this poster are ones we often see in medical, research, and scientific posters. Feel free to edit, move, add, and delete items, or change the layout to suit your needs. Always check with your conference organizer for specific requirements. Image Quality: You can place digital photos or logo art in your poster file by selecting the Insert, Picture command, or by using standard copy & paste. For best results, all graphic elements should be at least 150-200 pixels per inch in their final printed size. For instance, a 1600 x 1200 pixel photo will usually look fine up to 8“-10” wide on your printed poster. To preview the print quality of images, select a magnification of 100% when previewing your poster. This will give you a good idea of what it will look like in print. If you are laying out a large poster and using half-scale dimensions, be sure to preview your graphics at 200% to see them at their final printed size. Please note that graphics from websites (such as the logo on your hospital's or university's home page) will only be 72dpi and not suitable for printing. [This sidebar area does not print.] Change Color Theme: This template is designed to use the built-in color themes in the newer versions of PowerPoint. To change the color theme, select the Design tab, then select the Colors drop-down list. The default color theme for this template is “Office”, so you can always return to that after trying some of the alternatives. Printing Your Poster: Once your poster file is ready, visit www.genigraphics.com to order a high-quality, affordable poster print. Every order receives a free design review and we can deliver as fast as next business day within the US and Canada. Genigraphics® has been producing output from PowerPoint® longer than anyone in the industry; dating back to when we helped Microsoft® design the PowerPoint® software. US and Canada: 1-800-790-4001 Email: info@genigraphics.com [This sidebar area does not print.] Carbon Nanotubes for Water Filtration Carbon Nanotubes Benefits of Carbon Nanotubes Sustainability Drawbacks and SolutionsCurrent Use Figure 1. Right – single walled carbon nanotube Left – multi-walled carbon nanotube Background William Confer Kayla LeMaster University of Pittsburgh Swanson School of Engineering Water scarcity leads to health issues by lowering the availability of safe to consume foods and drinks. The United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) warns that ingesting impure water can cause cholera, diarrhea, dysentery, typhoid, and hepatitis. These water borne diseases account for over 3% of worldwide deaths, and drinking of contaminated water has become the largest killer of children under the age of five. The Worldwide Health Organization and UNICEF estimate that nearly two thousand children die every day from unsafe water. Many of these issues can be avoided if the water was effectively treated and purified. Carbon nanotube filters currently being produced by Seldon Technologies exceed the United States Environmental Protection Agency’s water purification standards, with 99.9999 percent of bacteria, 99.9 percent of cysts, and 99.99 percent of viruses found in water sources being effectively removed. Depending on how the tubes are manipulated and developed, they are also able to filter out colors, bad taste, and odors as well as more serious chemicals, bacteria, viruses, cyanobacteria toxins, organic matter, and heavy metals from the unsanitary water. Their filters utilize the low operating pressure of carbon nanotubes in small point of use filtration systems. These systems are perfect for use in areas where populations are dispersed and a centralized main filtration system would be inefficient. Carbon nanotubes have many benefits over conventional filtration methods. The drawbacks of more common filtration methods are shown in table 1. Carbon nanotubes are effective at filtering out multiple different contaminants from unsanitary water. Depending on how the tubes are modified and developed, carbon nanotube filters are able to remove bacteria, viruses, cyanobacteria toxins, natural organic matter, and heavy metals such as mercury or lead. One of the major benefits carbon nanotubes are their exhibited antimicrobial characteristic. Carbon nanotubes exhibit antimicrobial characteristics over a large range of microorganisms including: bacteria and bacteria endospores, protozoa, and viruses. Bacteria and viruses trapped inside the pores of these membranes are unable to reproduce or survive. Another benefit is the tubes water permeability. The permeability of carbon nanotubes in relation to other filtration methods is highlighted in chart 1. Carbon nanotubes are perfect for future use in small, rural communities. Their low operating pressure and longevity will provide a sustained source of potable water for each household they are implemented in. Carbon nanotube filters also do not have a sustained cost associated with them. Once they are implemented the cost of maintenance is very low. Many communities were not trained how to effectively use chemical filtration systems. Therefore, their water always had a bad taste. These communities are now opposed to any systems that have a chemical taste. Carbon nanotube filters do not use chemicals in any way for filtration. So using carbon nanotubes would provide a sustainable, culturally relevant solution to issues in communities around the world. Carbon nanotubes are composed of sheets of graphene rolled up in tube-like structures with the appearance of a latticework fence. There are two major types of carbon nanotubes. Single-walled carbon nanotubes consist of a single shell of graphene, and multi-walled carbon nanotubes are composed of multiple layers of graphene. The differences between them are visualized in figure 1. Both types are produced by the decomposition of hydrocarbons in a chemical reactor. Both single and multi-walled carbon nanotubes are used in membranes for water filtration and desalination. The main types of membrane-structured nanotubes are classified as vertically aligned and mixed matrix. Vertically aligned membranes membranes are created by fixing carbon nanotubes in parallel alignment to each other with filler material between them. A mixed matrix membrane consists of several layers of polymers mixed with carbon nanotubes. The carbon nanotubes are not required to be of a homogeneous mixture, easing the formation of these membranes. Chart 1. Water permeability of filtration methods Table 1. Issues with conventional filtration methods TypeIssues Ultraviolet No residual effect Cannot remove non-living contaminants Ineffective in cloudy water Distillation Require large amounts of energy and water Pollutants with low boiling points are not removed Reverse Osmosis Cannot remove volatile organic compounds, chemicals, chlorine, or pharmaceuticals Slow flow rates Carbon Filter Susceptible to mold Requires frequent replacement DrawbackInfoSolution Cost $25-$38 per kilogram to produce Cheaper carbon stock material can be used Expected to reduce costs below $10 a kilogram Dangers Studies show tubes cause damage to mammals Carbon nanotubes can be contained in the filters Companies seem to have resolved the dangers as carbon nanotube filters are already in use