© 2010 Pearson Education Canada 12 Freshwater Systems and Water Resources PowerPoint ® Slides prepared by Stephen Turnbull Copyright © 2013 Pearson Canada.

© 2010 Pearson Education Canada Copyright © 2013 Pearson Canada Inc. Housekeeping Items for Day 11 Relevant to last class see Janice Benyus on biomimickry: http://www.ted.com/talks/janine_benyus_shares_nature_s_designs. html. On the Great Bear, see also: https://vimeo.com/33234007. http://www.ted.com/talks/janine_benyus_shares_nature_s_designs. htmlhttps://vimeo.com/33234007 I will hand back the exams today, but we won’t have time to go through them. If you have questions, come to my office hours on Wednesday as I have a class right after this one. I would like to bring another book to your attention: How Bad Are Bananas? The Carbon Footprint of Everything by Mike Berners- Lee (Vancouver: Greystone Books, 2011). The Geography Department is hosting a session on what you need to know about grad school with past graduates and faculty members sharing their experience this Wednesday in Room 217 at 10:30. Just a reminder that, in view of our being behind in the schedule, we will skip Chapters 10 and 11, but please read on your own.

© 2010 Pearson Education Canada Copyright © 2013 Pearson Canada Inc. Upon successfully completing this chapter, you will be able to Explain the importance of water and the hydrologic cycle to ecosystems, human health, and economic pursuits Delineate the distribution of fresh water on Earth Describe major types of freshwater ecosystems Discuss how we use water and alter freshwater systems Assess problems of water supply and propose solutions to address depletion of fresh water Assess problems of water quality and propose solutions to address water pollution Explain how waste water is treated 12-3

© 2010 Pearson Education Canada Copyright © 2013 Pearson Canada Inc. Canadians fear we will place our sovereignty at risk is we allow large-scale diversions of fresh water Once they start, they will be impossible to stop Some view water as a marketable commodity, others say we should not consider exporting it to those have mismanaged theirs. Canada’s fresh water is protected as each province and territory prohibits bulk water exports “The wars of the twenty-first century will be fought over water.” – World Water Commission Chairman Ismail Serageldin 12-4

© 2010 Pearson Education Canada Copyright © 2013 Pearson Canada Inc. Freshwater systems Water may seem abundant, but drinkable water is rare Freshwater = relatively pure, with few dissolved salts -Only 2.5% of Earth’s water is fresh, most is tied up in glaciers and ice caps (what’s usable is about.25%) 12-6

© 2010 Pearson Education Canada Copyright © 2013 Pearson Canada Inc. Rivers and streams wind through landscapes Water from rain, snowmelt, or springs forms streams, creeks, or brooks These merge into rivers, and eventually reaches the ocean -Tributary = a smaller river slowing into a larger one -Drainage basin or watershed = the area of land drained by a river and its tributaries 12-7 Source: http://www.bccf.com/steelhead/focus7.htm

© 2010 Pearson Education Canada Copyright © 2013 Pearson Canada Inc. Rivers and streams wind through landscapes (cont’d) If there is a large bend in the river, the force of the water cuts through the land -Oxbow = an extreme bend in a river -Oxbow lake = the bend is cut off and remains as an isolated, U-shaped body of water 12-8

© 2010 Pearson Education Canada Copyright © 2013 Pearson Canada Inc. Rivers and streams wind through landscapes (cont’d) Floodplain = areas nearest to the river’s course that are flooded periodically -Frequent deposition of silt makes floodplain soils fertile Riparian = riverside areas that are productive and species-rich Water of rivers and streams hosts diverse ecological communities 12-9 Source: 1bp.blogspot.com

© 2010 Pearson Education Canada Copyright © 2013 Pearson Canada Inc. Wetlands include marshes, swamps, and bogs Wetlands = systems that combine elements of freshwater and dry land Freshwater marshes = shallow water allows plants to grow above the water’s surface (e.g. Buttertubs Marsh) Swamps = shallow water that occurs in forested areas -Can be created by beavers (e.g. W. Linley Valley) Bogs = ponds covered in thick floating mats of vegetation -A stage in aquatic succession 12-10

© 2010 Pearson Education Canada Copyright © 2013 Pearson Canada Inc. Wetlands include marshes, swamps, and bogs (cont’d) Wetlands are extremely valuable for wildlife They slow runoff -Reduce flooding -Recharge aquifers -Filter pollutants People have drained wetlands, mostly for agriculture -Manitoba has lost more than half of its “pothole” wetlands 12-11

© 2010 Pearson Education Canada Copyright © 2013 Pearson Canada Inc. Lakes and ponds are ecologically diverse systems Lakes and ponds are bodies of open, standing water Littoral zone = region ringing the edge of a water body Benthic zone = extends along the entire bottom of the water body -Home to many invertebrates Limnetic zone = open portions of the lake or pond where the sunlight penetrates the shallow waters Profundal zone = water that sunlight does not reach -Supports fewer animals because there is less oxygen 12-12

© 2010 Pearson Education Canada Copyright © 2013 Pearson Canada Inc. Lakes and ponds are ecologically diverse systems (cont’d) Oligotrophic lakes and ponds = have low nutrient and high oxygen conditions Eutrophic lakes and ponds = have high nutrient and low oxygen conditions Eventually, water bodies fill completely in through the process of succession Inland seas = large lakes that hold so much water, their biota is adapted to open water 12-14

© 2010 Pearson Education Canada Copyright © 2013 Pearson Canada Inc. Groundwater plays key roles in the hydrologic cycle Groundwater = precipitation that does not evaporate, flow immediately into waterways, or get taken up by organisms Aquifers = Porous sponge-like formations of rock, sand, or gravel that hold groundwater Zone of aeration = spaces are partially filled with water Zone of saturation = spaces are completely filled with water -Water table = boundary between the two zones Aquifer recharge zone = any area where water infiltrates Earth’s surface and reaches aquifers 12-15

© 2010 Pearson Education Canada Copyright © 2013 Pearson Canada Inc. Groundwater plays key roles in the hydrologic cycle (cont’d) Confined or artesian = water-bearing, porous rocks are trapped between layers of less permeable substrate (i.e., clay) -Is under a lot of pressure Unconfined aquifer = no upper layer to confine it -Readily recharged by surface water Groundwater becomes surface water through springs or human-drilled wells Groundwater may be ancient: the average age is 1,400 years 12-17

© 2010 Pearson Education Canada Copyright © 2013 Pearson Canada Inc. Water is unequally distributed across Earth’s surface Many areas with high population density are water- poor and face serious water shortages 12-18

© 2010 Pearson Education Canada Copyright © 2013 Pearson Canada Inc. Climate change will cause water problems and shortages Climate change will affect the hydrologic cycle: -Shift northward in mid-latitude rain belt -Earlier snowmelt and spring runoff -More evapotranspiration -Drier summers in the interior continental region Additional impacts: -Warmer rivers (impacting fish) -Lower water levels in Great Lakes -Higher ocean water levels 12-19

© 2010 Pearson Education Canada Copyright © 2013 Pearson Canada Inc. How we use water We have achieved impressive engineering accomplishments to harness freshwater sources -60% of the world’s largest 227 rivers have been strongly or moderately affected -Dams, canals, and diversions Consumption of water in most of the world is unsustainable -We are depleting many sources of surface water and groundwater -One-third of the world’s people are already affected by water scarcity 12-21 Source: Bing

© 2010 Pearson Education Canada Copyright © 2013 Pearson Canada Inc. Water supplies houses, agriculture, and industry (cont’d) Consumptive use = water is removed from an aquifer or surface water body, and is not returned Non-consumptive use = does not remove, or only temporarily removes, water from an aquifer or surface water -Electricity generation at hydroelectric dams -Cooling water for power planets or factories, or into which effluent is dumped 12-23

© 2010 Pearson Education Canada Copyright © 2013 Pearson Canada Inc. We have erected thousands of dams Dam = any obstruction placed in a river or stream to block the flow of water so that water can be stored in a reservoir -To prevent floods, provide drinking water, allow irrigation, and generate electricity -45,000 large dams have been erected in more than 140 nations Only a few major rivers remain undammed -In remote regions of Canada, Alaska, and Russia 12-24

© 2010 Pearson Education Canada Copyright © 2013 Pearson Canada Inc. Benefits and drawbacks of dams Benefits: -Power generation -Emission reduction -Crop irrigation -Drinking water -Flood control -Shipping -New recreational opportunities Drawbacks: -Habitat alteration -Fisheries declines -Population displacement -Sediment capture -Disruption of flooding -Risk of failure -Lost recreational opportunities 12-26

© 2010 Pearson Education Canada Copyright © 2013 Pearson Canada Inc. China’s Three Gorges Dam is the world’s largest 186 m high and 2 km wide, completed in 2006 When filled it will be as long as Lake Superior It has cost $25 billion to build, flooded 22 cities and the homes of 1.24 million people, submerged 10,000 year-old archaeological sites, productive farmlands, and wildlife habitat, and caused erosion below the dam Some fear pollutants will also be trapped in the reservoir, making water undrinkable 12-27

© 2010 Pearson Education Canada Copyright © 2013 Pearson Canada Inc. Some dams are now being removed Some people feel that the cost of dams outweighs their benefits Rivers with dismantled dams -Have restored riparian ecosystems -Reestablished fisheries -Revived river recreation In Canada only a few dams have been decommissioned but 500 dams have been removed in the U.S. (e.g., Sunbeam, Grangeville and Lewiston Dams in Idaho). 12-28

© 2010 Pearson Education Canada Copyright © 2013 Pearson Canada Inc. Dikes and levees are meant to control floods Flooding is a normal, natural process -Floodwaters spread nutrient-rich sediments over large areas Floods also do tremendous damage to property Dikes and levees (long, raised mounds of earth) along the banks of rivers hold rising waters in channels Levees can make floods worse by forcing water to stay in channels and overflow 12-29

© 2010 Pearson Education Canada Copyright © 2013 Pearson Canada Inc. We divert – and deplete – surface water to suit our needs Diversion has drastically altered the river’s ecology What water is left in the Colorado River after all the diversions comprises just a trickle into the Gulf of California and Mexico 12-30

© 2010 Pearson Education Canada Copyright © 2013 Pearson Canada Inc. We divert – and deplete – surface water to suit our needs (cont’d) Aral Sea - once the fourth- largest lake on Earth -lost over 80% of its volume in 45 years from diversion Consequences -Lost 60,000 fishing jobs -Pesticide-laden dust from the lake bed is blown into the air -The cotton cannot bring back the region’s economy 12-31

© 2010 Pearson Education Canada Copyright © 2013 Pearson Canada Inc. Inefficient irrigation wastes water Today, 70% more water is withdrawn for irrigation than in 1960 -The amount of irrigated land has doubled -Crop yields can double Only 45% of water is absorbed by crops via “flood and furrow” irrigation Overirrigation leads to waterlogging, salinization, and lost farming income Most national governments subsidize irrigation Water mining = withdrawing water faster than it can be replenished 12-32

© 2010 Pearson Education Canada Copyright © 2013 Pearson Canada Inc. Flood protection at what cost? In May 2011, during record high-water levels on the Assiniboine River, the government of Manitoba deliberately breached a dike near Portage-la-Prairie, with the goal of releasing pressure in the Portage Reservoir and averting a much larger, uncontrolled flood. The controlled release put 150 homes and a considerable area of farmland at risk. In the end, the controlled breach worked, and no homes in the threatened area were significantly harmed. weighing the issues 12-34

© 2010 Pearson Education Canada Copyright © 2013 Pearson Canada Inc. Flood protection at what cost (cont’d)? A similar situation occurred during the Red River Floodway of 1997, during which the Red River Floodway diverted floodwater to protect the city of Winnipeg, but perhaps at the cost of flooding in smaller communities such as St. Agathe. Both events caused significant stress for those in the path of diverted floodwaters. If you were a decision maker in Manitoba, would you have reached the same decision? Is it worthwhile to protect certain areas, even if it means risking others? What might you do to compensate those who were at risk? weighing the issues 12-35

© 2010 Pearson Education Canada Copyright © 2013 Pearson Canada Inc. Wetlands have been drained for a variety of reasons Promote settlement and farming Seen as useless “swamps” Ramsar (Convention on Wetlands of International Importance, especially as Waterfowl Habitat) Convention in 1971 -Global concern for wetland loss and degradation -Promotes local, regional, and national actions and international cooperation 90% of original wetlands in southern Canada have been lost 12-36

© 2010 Pearson Education Canada Copyright © 2013 Pearson Canada Inc. We are depleting groundwater Groundwater is easily depleted -Aquifers recharge slowly -1/3 of world population relies on groundwater (20% of Canadian communities apart from individual households on wells) As aquifers become depleted -Water tables drop -Salt water intrudes in coastal areas -Sinkholes = areas where ground gives way unexpectedly -Some cities (Venice, Mexico City) are slowly sinking -Wetlands dry up 12-37

© 2010 Pearson Education Canada Copyright © 2013 Pearson Canada Inc. Our thirst for bottled water seems unquenchable Canadians’ use of bottled water only surpassed by U.S. University-educated households were shown to be less likely to consume bottled water Average capital use in 2003 was almost 50 L of bottled water Most bottled water is nothing more than tap water, sometimes with additional filtering or other treatment Canada’s Food and Drug Act does not require a manufacturer to obtain a licence to bottle water 12-38 Source: http://www.mnn.com/food/healthy-eating/stories/5-reasons-http://www.mnn.com/food/healthy-eating/stories/5-reasons- not-to-drink-bottled-water

© 2010 Pearson Education Canada Copyright © 2013 Pearson Canada Inc. The price of a litre Do you drink bottled water? Why? Do you think it is safer than municipal water? Do you prefer the taste? What do you pay for a litre of bottled water? What do you pay for a litre of gas at the pump? What do you think should be reflected in these prices? What price do you think was paid for the water by the company that bottled it? What about the source of the water you consume at home— is it groundwater and, if so, is its source adequately protected? And what about the plastic waste that is generated? weighing the issues 12-39

© 2010 Pearson Education Canada Copyright © 2013 Pearson Canada Inc. Will we see a future of water wars? Freshwater depletion leads to shortages, which can lead to conflict -261 major rivers cross national borders -Water is a key element in hostilities among Israel, Palestinians, and neighboring countries Many nations have cooperated with neighbors to resolve disputes -India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, and Nepal 12-40 e.g., Asia: Amur RiverAmur River: People's Republic of China and RussiaPeople's Republic of China Russia Brahmaputra RiverBrahmaputra River: India, Bangladesh and ChinaIndiaBangladesh China Ganges RiverGanges River: India and BangladeshIndiaBangladesh Golok RiverGolok River: Malaysia and ThailandMalaysiaThailand Indus RiverIndus River: India and PakistanIndiaPakistan Kaladan RiverKaladan River: India and BurmaIndiaBurma Mekong RiverMekong River: Burma and LaosBurmaLaos Mekong RiverMekong River: Laos and ThailandLaosThailand Naf RiverNaf River: Bangladesh and BurmaBangladeshBurma Pandaruan RiverPandaruan River: Malaysia and Brunei DarussalamMalaysiaBrunei Darussalam Yalu RiverYalu River: North Korea and People's Republic of ChinaNorth KoreaPeople's Republic of China Hirmand RiverHirmand River: Iran and AfghanistanIranAfghanistan Fly RiverFly River: Indonesia and Papua New GuineaIndonesiaPapua New Guinea

© 2010 Pearson Education Canada Copyright © 2013 Pearson Canada Inc. Solutions can address supply or demand We can either increase supply or reduce demand Lowering demand -Politically difficult in the short term -Offers better economic returns -Causes less ecological and social damage Increasing supply -Water can be transported through pipes and aqueducts -It can be forcibly appropriated from weak communities 12-42

© 2010 Pearson Education Canada Copyright © 2013 Pearson Canada Inc. Desalinization “makes” more water Desalinization = the removal of salt from seawater or other water of marginal quality -Distilling = hastens evaporation and condenses the vapor -Reverse osmosis = forces water through membranes to filter out salts Desalinization facilities operate mostly in the arid Middle East It is expensive, requires fossil fuels, and produces concentrated salty water 12-43

© 2010 Pearson Education Canada Copyright © 2013 Pearson Canada Inc. Agricultural demand can be reduced Look first for ways to decrease agricultural demand -Lining irrigation canals -Low-pressure spray irrigation that spray water downward -Drip irrigation systems that target individual plants -Match crops to land and climate (xeriscaping) -Selective breeding and genetic modification to raise crops that require less water 12-44 Source: www.laspalitis.com

© 2010 Pearson Education Canada Copyright © 2013 Pearson Canada Inc. We can lessen residential and industrial water use in many ways Eat less meat Install low-flow faucets, showerheads, washing machines, and toilets Use automatic dishwashers instead of washing dishes by hand Water lawns at night, when evaporation is minimal, or replace lawn with native plants Xeriscaping = landscaping using plants adapted to a dry environment 12-45

© 2010 Pearson Education Canada Copyright © 2013 Pearson Canada Inc. Shift to processes that use less water -Wastewater recycling -Excess surface water runoff used for recharging aquifers -Patching leaky pipes -Auditing industries -Promoting conservation/education 12-46 We can lessen residential and industrial water use in many ways Rate per Cubic Meter Per Day Minimum Daily Rate Up to 0.7.71 to 1.41.41 to 2.12.11 to 2.82.81 to 3.5over 3.51 $0.28$0.92$1.06$1.34$1.60$2.13$3.19 2012 RDN Water Systems Rate Structure

© 2010 Pearson Education Canada Copyright © 2013 Pearson Canada Inc. Economic approaches to water conservation are being debated End government subsidies of inefficient practices -Let the price of water reflect its true cost of extraction Industrial uses are more profitable than agricultural Privatization of water supplies -May improve efficiency -Firms have little incentive to provide access to the poor Decentralization of water control may conserve water -Shift control to the local level 12-47

© 2010 Pearson Education Canada Copyright © 2013 Pearson Canada Inc. Freshwater pollution and its control Water for human consumption and other organisms needs to be… -Disease-free -Non-toxic Half of the world’s major rivers are seriously depleted and polluted -They poison surrounding ecosystems -Threaten the health and livelihood of people The invisible pollution of groundwater has been called a “covert crisis” 12-49

© 2010 Pearson Education Canada Copyright © 2013 Pearson Canada Inc. Water pollution takes many forms Pollution = the release of matter or energy into the environment that causes undesirable impacts on the health and well-being of humans or other organisms -Nutrient pollution -Pathogens and waterborne diseases -Toxic chemicals -Sediment -Thermal pollution 12-50

© 2010 Pearson Education Canada Copyright © 2013 Pearson Canada Inc. Water pollution takes many forms (cont’d) Nutrient pollution from fertilizers, farms, sewage, lawns, golf courses -Leads to eutrophication (is a natural process but excess nutrients increase the rate) Solutions -Phosphate-free detergents -Planting vegetation to increase nutrient uptake -Treat wastewater -Reduce fertilizer application 12-51

© 2010 Pearson Education Canada Copyright © 2013 Pearson Canada Inc. Water pollution takes many forms (cont’d) Pathogens and water borne diseases -Enters water supply via inadequately treated human waste and animal waste via feedlots -Causes more human health problems than any other type of water pollution -Fecal coliform bacteria indicate fecal contamination of water -The water can hold other pathogens, such as giardiais, typhoid, hepatitis A 12-52

© 2010 Pearson Education Canada Copyright © 2013 Pearson Canada Inc. Water pollution takes many forms (cont’d) Pathogens and water borne diseases -1.1 billion people are without safe drinking water -2.6 billion have no sewer or sanitary facilities -An estimated 5 million people die per year -Solutions: - Treat sewage - Disinfect drinking water - Public education to encourage personal hygiene - Government enforcement of regulations 12-53

© 2010 Pearson Education Canada Copyright © 2013 Pearson Canada Inc. Water pollution takes many forms (cont’d) Toxic chemicals -From natural and synthetic sources -Effects: -Poisoning animals and plants -Altering aquatic ecosystems -Poor human health -Solutions: - Legislating and enforcing more stringent regulations of industry - Modify industrial processes - Modify our purchasing decisions 12-54

© 2010 Pearson Education Canada Copyright © 2013 Pearson Canada Inc. Water pollution takes many forms (cont’d) Suspended matter -Sediment can impair aquatic ecosystems -Clear-cutting, mining, poor cultivation practices -Effects: -Dramatically changes aquatic habitats -Fish may not survive -Solutions: -better management of farms and forests -avoid large-scale disturbance of vegetation 12-55

© 2010 Pearson Education Canada Copyright © 2013 Pearson Canada Inc. Water pollution takes many forms (cont’d) Thermal pollution -Warmer water holds less oxygen -Dissolved oxygen decreases as temperature increases -Industrial cooling heats water -Removing streamside cover also raises water temperature -Water that is too cold causes problems -Water at the bottom of reservoirs is colder -When water is released, downstream water temperatures drop suddenly and may kill aquatic organisms 12-56

© 2010 Pearson Education Canada Copyright © 2013 Pearson Canada Inc. Water pollution comes from point and nonpoint sources Point source water pollution = discrete locations of pollution -Factory or sewer pipes Nonpoint source water pollution = pollution from multiple cumulative inputs over a large area -Farms, cities, streets, neighborhoods 12-57

© 2010 Pearson Education Canada Copyright © 2013 Pearson Canada Inc. Scientists use several indicators of water quality Scientists measure properties of water to characterize its quality -Biological indicators: presence of fecal coliform bacteria and other disease-causing organisms -Chemical indicators: pH, nutrient concentration, taste, odor, hardness, dissolved oxygen -Physical indicators: turbidity, color, temperature 12-59

© 2010 Pearson Education Canada Copyright © 2013 Pearson Canada Inc. Groundwater pollution is a serious problem Groundwater is increasingly contaminated, but is hidden from view -Difficult to monitor -Out of sight, out of mind -Retains contaminants for decades and longer -Takes longer for contaminants to breakdown in groundwater because of the lower dissolved oxygen levels -DDT is still found in aquifers in North America although it was banned 40 years ago 12-60

© 2010 Pearson Education Canada Copyright © 2013 Pearson Canada Inc. There are many sources of groundwater pollution, including some natural sources Some toxic chemicals occur naturally -Aluminum, fluoride, sulfates Pollution from human causes -Wastes leach through soils -Pathogens enter through improperly designed wells -Hazardous wastes are pumped into the ground -Underground storage septic tanks may leak 12-61

© 2010 Pearson Education Canada Copyright © 2013 Pearson Canada Inc. There are many sources of groundwater pollution, including some natural sources (cont’d) Agricultural pollution -Nitrates from fertilizers -Pesticides were detected in more than half of the shallow aquifers tested -Walkerton – E. coli in water supply Manufacturing industries and military sites have been heavy polluters 12-62

© 2010 Pearson Education Canada Copyright © 2013 Pearson Canada Inc. Legislative and regulatory efforts have helped reduce pollution Pollution legislation is enacted and enforced at the provincial level Federal government sets guidelines: -Canadian Environmental Protection Act (transfers of hazardous materials) -Fisheries Act (illegal to damage water that serves as a habitat for fish) – since weakened by Bill C-38 The Great Lakes are one success story -Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement and the International boundary Waters Treaty Act 12-63

© 2010 Pearson Education Canada Copyright © 2013 Pearson Canada Inc. We treat our drinking water Technology has improved our pollution control Health Canada publishes standards for drinking water contaminants -Local governments and water suppliers must meet Federal-Provincial-Territorial Committee on Drinking Water Before water reaches the user -It is chemically treated, filtered, and disinfected 12-64

© 2010 Pearson Education Canada Copyright © 2013 Pearson Canada Inc. It is better to prevent pollution than to mitigate the impacts after it occurs Other options are not as good: -Filtering groundwater expensive -Pumping, treating, and re-injecting aquifers takes too long -Restricting pollutants above aquifers shifts pollution elsewhere Consumers choice drives environmentally friendly products and decisions 12-65

© 2010 Pearson Education Canada Copyright © 2013 Pearson Canada Inc. Municipal wastewater treatment involves several steps Wastewater = water that has been used by people in some way -Sewage, showers, sinks, manufacturing, storm water runoff Septic systems = the most popular method of wastewater disposal in rural areas -Underground septic tanks separate solids and oils from wastewater, then microbes decompose the water -Solid waste needs to be periodically pumped and landfilled 12-67

© 2010 Pearson Education Canada Copyright © 2013 Pearson Canada Inc. Municipal wastewater treatment involves several steps (cont’d) In populated areas, sewer systems carry wastewater -Physical, chemical, and biological water treatment Primary treatment = the physical removal of contaminants in settling tanks (clarifiers) Secondary treatment = water is stirred and aerated so aerobic bacteria degrade organic pollutants -Water treated with chlorine is piped into rivers or the ocean -Some reclaimed water is used for irrigation, lawns, or industry 12-68

© 2010 Pearson Education Canada Copyright © 2013 Pearson Canada Inc. Artificial wetlands can aid treatment Natural and artificial wetlands can cleanse wastewater -After primary treatment at a conventional facility, water is pumped into the wetland -Microbes decompose the remaining pollutants -Cleansed water is released Nova Scotia government and Nova Scotia Agricultural College have three test sites Constructed wetlands serve as havens for wildlife and areas for human recreation 12-70

© 2010 Pearson Education Canada Copyright © 2013 Pearson Canada Inc. Conclusion One of great challenges is to ensure adequate quantity and quality of fresh water With expanding population and increasing water usage, we are approaching conditions of widespread scarcity Water depletion and water pollution are already taking a toll on the health, economics, and societies of the developing world and in arid regions of the developed world Potential solutions are numerous, and the issue is too important to ignore 12-71

© 2010 Pearson Education Canada Copyright © 2013 Pearson Canada Inc. QUESTION: Review The area of a lake that contains open water that does not receive sunlight is called the _______zone. a)Littoral b)Benthic c)Limnetic d)Profundal 12-72

© 2010 Pearson Education Canada Copyright © 2013 Pearson Canada Inc. QUESTION: Review A confined aquifer is defined as…? a)An aquifer that traps porous rocks between layers of less permeable substrate b)An aquifer that traps porous rocks under one layer of less permeable substrate c)An aquifer with porous rocks resting on bedrock d)An aquifer with no upper layer 12-73

© 2010 Pearson Education Canada Copyright © 2013 Pearson Canada Inc. QUESTION: Review Arid countries tend to use their water mostly for…? a)Developing industries b)Agriculture c)Households d)Export to rich countries 12-74

© 2010 Pearson Education Canada Copyright © 2013 Pearson Canada Inc. QUESTION: Review Which of the following statements is not a benefit of dams? a)Habitat alteration b)Power generation c)Crop irrigation d)Shipping 12-75

© 2010 Pearson Education Canada Copyright © 2013 Pearson Canada Inc. QUESTION: Review Pollution is defined as “the release of matter or energy into the environment that causes ______”? a)Undesirable impacts on human health b)Undesirable impacts on other organisms c)Undesirable impacts on human well-being d)All of the above are included in the definition 12-76

© 2010 Pearson Education Canada Copyright © 2013 Pearson Canada Inc. QUESTION: Review Which of the following is a nonpoint source of water pollution? a)A factory b)Sewer pipes c)Agricultural fields d)All are nonpoint sources 12-77

© 2010 Pearson Education Canada Copyright © 2013 Pearson Canada Inc. QUESTION: Review Primary treatment of wastewater includes…? a)Treating water with chemicals b)Stirring and aerating water c)Degradation of wastes by bacteria d)Physical removal of contaminants 12-78

© 2010 Pearson Education Canada Copyright © 2013 Pearson Canada Inc. QUESTION: Interpreting Graphs and Data What is the relationship between water consumption and the amount of land that is irrigated? a)Irrigation has grown more slowly than demand b)Irrigation and demand have both increased c)Growth of demand and irrigation will slow d)Canada does not follow this graph 12-79 FIGURE 11.14

© 2010 Pearson Education Canada Copyright © 2013 Pearson Canada Inc. QUESTION: Interpreting Graphs and Data Which conclusion can you draw from this graph? a) It is more water efficient to produce vegetables b) It is more water efficient to produce meat c) Vegetable and meat production are relatively alike in water consumption d) There is little correlation between water consumption and our diet 12-80

© 2010 Pearson Education Canada 12 Freshwater Systems and Water Resources PowerPoint ® Slides prepared by Stephen Turnbull Copyright © 2013 Pearson Canada.

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© 2010 Pearson Education Canada 12 Freshwater Systems and Water Resources PowerPoint ® Slides prepared by Stephen Turnbull Copyright © 2013 Pearson Canada.

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