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Chapter 5 SOCIAL STRUCTURE AND SOCIETY. Social Structure and Status  Social Structure- the pattern of social relationships within a group. -Helps people.

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Presentation on theme: "Chapter 5 SOCIAL STRUCTURE AND SOCIETY. Social Structure and Status  Social Structure- the pattern of social relationships within a group. -Helps people."— Presentation transcript:

1 Chapter 5 SOCIAL STRUCTURE AND SOCIETY

2 Social Structure and Status  Social Structure- the pattern of social relationships within a group. -Helps people interact, or relate to one another, more smoothly.  In learning the structure of each group we belong to, we learn about statuses and roles—major elements of social structure.  Status-a position a person occupies within a social structure. - Helps us define who and what we are in relation to others within the same social structure.

3 Social Structure and Status  Ascribed Status-a position in a social structure that is neither earned nor chosen to be assigned to a person. -In some societies, social class is an ascribed status that is assigned to someone as the result of birth into a particular family or into a religious, ethnic, or racial group.  Achieved Status-a position in a social structure that is earned or chosen. -This is possible only if people have some degree of control over their lives and a range of choices. - Reflects a person’s individual accomplishments or choices.

4 Social Structure and Status - Occupations are also achieved statuses in most modern societies, in which people are free to choose their work. Some Ascribed Statuses can change over time  Each life stage—childhood, adolescence, young adulthood, mature adulthood, and old age—has a distinct position in society  Social status is often hierarchical. Different statuses are seen by members of a group as ranking higher or lower than one another.

5 Social Structure and Status  Any person in society occupies more than one status. - Child, friend, student, teammate.  Status Set-all the statuses a person occupies at any given time. -The Status set of two individuals in the same group can be very different.  Master Status-a position that strongly influences most other aspect of a person's life

6 Social Structure and Status -Can be achieved or Ascribed. -modern industrial societies, occupations—which are generally achieved statuses—are typically master statuses. -Gender, age, race, and ethnicity are all ascribed master statuses.

7 Social Structure and Roles  Role- Expected behavior associated with a particular task. -”Statuses in action” -describe behaviors  Rights- are behaviors that individuals expect from others.  Obligations- are behaviors that individuals are expected to perform toward others. -Rights of one status correspond to the obligations of another. -People with different statuses follow social scripts to act out social roles, and our culture provides the script for the roles we play in real life.

8 Role performance and Social Interaction  Role Performance- is the actual conduct, or behavior, exhibited by people as they carry out a role. -Most involve social interaction but some may occur without an audience. -The performance itself.  Social Interaction- is any of the processes by which people influence one another as they interrelate. -Represents the way we use words and actions to cue one another and how they respond to those cues.

9 Role Conflict and Role Strain  Role conflict- the situation that exists when expectations for or performance of a role in one status clash with expectations for or performance of a role in another status. -Students and employees  Role strain-the situation that occurs when a person has trouble meeting the many roles connected with a single status  How to manage role conflict and Role Stain? -We solve these dilemmas by setting priorities. Consider dropping the one that is least important.

10 Social Structure and roles -Another way is to segregate roles. Separate behavior in one role from behavior in another role. -Some roles can be incompatible.  Because of role conflict and role strain, meeting the incompatible goals and expectations of all our roles is impossible. -Fired for poor performance in role performance.

11 Preindustrial Societies  Society- a group of people living within defined territorial borders and sharing a common culture. -share patterned and predictable social relationships that are passed from generation to generation. -Societies meet their members’ basic needs, such as the needs for food and shelter, in different ways.

12 Preindustrial Societies  Hunting and gathering society- survives by hunting animals and gathering edible fruits and vegetables. -this is the oldest solution to the problem of meeting subsistence needs, few hunting and gathering societies remain today. -Hunting and gathering societies are usually nomadic, -Settle disputes through song.

13 Preindustrial Societies  Horticultural society-using simple tools to grow plants. - A few horticultural societies remain today, such as the Birom people of Nigeria and the Hanunóo of the Philippines. -led to more permanent settlements. -allowed the growth of larger societies—as many as one thousand or more people. -primary emphasis is on the survival of family members.

14 Preindustrial Societies  Pastoral societies- goods are obtained primarily by raising and taking care of animals. -groups herd domesticated animals, such as cattle, camels, goats, and sheep. -Migration is a key feature of pastoral societies -Some, however, have long-term villages and simply move their herd animals to different pastures within a given area at different times of year. -Societies tend to be male dominated.

15 Preindustrial Societies  Agricultural society- a society that uses plows and draft animals to grow food. -use plows and domesticated animals, which boost productivity by digging more deeply into the ground and making it possible to farm larger areas. -people are free to engage in noneconomic activities such as education and the arts. -Even though agricultural societies can have cities, they are agrarian because farming is the basis of the society.


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