1. Socioemotional Development In Infancy Chapter 6 © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.

2. 6 - 2 Chapter Outline Emotional and personality development Social orientation/ understanding and attachment Social contexts © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.

3. 6 - 3 Emotional and Personality Development Emotional development Temperament Personality development Before we dive in, what are your thoughts on personality development from birth to adulthood? Do babies have personalities? Why or why not? © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.

4. 6 - 4 Emotional Development Emotion: Feeling, or affect, that occurs when a person is in a state or interaction that is important to him or her – In other words – it provides either a positive, negative, or neutral “coloring” of an event, thought, or behavior. – Play important roles in: Communication with others Behavioral organization Motivation © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.

5. 6 - 5 Emotional Development Biological and environmental influences – Certain brain regions play a role in emotions Prefrontal, Limbic area, amygdala, etc. – Emotion-linked interchanges Provide the foundation for the infant’s developing attachment to the parent – Social relationships Provide the setting for the development of a rich variety of emotions – Relationships and culture provide diversity in emotional experiences © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.

6. 6 - 6 Emotional Development Early emotions – Primary emotions: Present in humans and other animals and emerge early in life – Self-conscious emotions: Require self-awareness, especially consciousness and a sense of “me” Directly related to theory of mind acquisition Interestingly, high functioning autism have increased self-consciousness but decreased ToM © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.

7. 6 - 7 Emotional Development © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. Emotional expression and social relationships – Crying Basic cry: Rhythmic pattern usually consisting of : – A cry – Briefer silence – Shorter inspiratory whistle that is higher pitched than the main cry – Brief rest before the next cry

8. 6 - 8 Emotional Development Anger cry: Variation of the basic cry, with more excess air forced through the vocal cords Pain cry: Sudden long, initial loud cry followed by breath holding © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.

9. 6 - 9 Emotional Development – Smiling Reflexive smile: Smile that does not occur in response to external stimuli Social smile: In response to an external stimulus – Fear Stranger anxiety: Fear and wariness of strangers Separation protest: Distressed crying when the caregiver leaves © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.

10. 6 - 10 Emotional Development Emotional regulation and coping – Caregivers’ actions and contexts can influence emotional regulation (i.e., limbic development) Orbitoprefrontal area especially – Soothing a crying infant helps infants develop a sense of trust and secure attachment to the caregiver © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.

11. 6 - 11 Temperament Individual differences in behavioral styles, emotions, and characteristic ways of responding – Describing and classifying temperament Chess and Thomas’ classification – Easy child: Generally in a positive mood » Quickly establishes regular routines in infancy » Adapts easily to new experiences © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.

12. 6 - 12 Temperament – Difficult child: Reacts negatively and cries frequently » Engages in irregular daily routines » Slow to accept change – Slow-to-warm-up child: Low activity level » Somewhat negative » Displays a low intensity of mood © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.

13. 6 - 13 Emotional and Personality Development – Biological foundations and experience Biological influences – Contemporary view - Temperament is a biologically based but evolving aspect of behavior Gender, culture, and temperament – Parents may react differently to an infant’s temperament depending on gender – Cultural differences in temperament were linked to parent attitude and behaviors © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.

14. 6 - 14 Emotional and Personality Development – Goodness of fit: Match between a child’s temperament and the environmental demands the child must cope with © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.

15. 6 - 15 Personality Development Trust Developing sense of self Independence – Autonomy versus shame and doubt Erikson’s theory of development © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.

16. 6 - 16 Social Orientation/Understanding and Attachment Social orientation/ understanding Attachment and its development Individual differences in attachment Caregiving styles and attachment Developmental social neuroscience and attachment – Oxytocin, serotonin, etc. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.

17. 6 - 17 Social Orientation/Understanding Social orientation – Face-to-face play Social referencing: Reading emotional cues in others to help determine how to act in a particular situation © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.

18. 6 - 18 Attachment and its Development Attachment: Close emotional bond between two people – Freud - Infants become attached to the person that provides oral satisfaction – Harlow - Contact comfort preferred over food – Erikson - Trust arises from physical comfort and sensitive care © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.

19. 6 - 19 Attachment and its Development – Bowlby - Four phases of attachment Attachment to human figures Focus on one figure Specific attachments develop Become aware of others’ feelings © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.

20. 6 - 20 Individual Differences in Attachment Strange situation: Observational measure of infant attachment – Mary Ainsworth – researcher to remember Requires the infant to move through a series of: – Introductions – Separations – Reunions with the caregiver and an adult stranger in a prescribed order © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.

21. 6 - 21 Individual Differences in Attachment Securely attached babies: Use the caregiver as a secure base from which to explore the environment Insecure avoidant babies: Avoiding the caregiver Insecure resistant babies: Cling to the caregiver, then resist the caregiver by fighting against the closeness © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.

22. 6 - 22 Individual Differences in Attachment Insecure disorganized babies: Being disorganized and disoriented Interpreting differences in attachment – Developmental cascade model: Involves connections across domains over time that influence developmental pathways and outcomes © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.

23. 6 - 23 Caregiving Styles and Attachment Maternal sensitivity linked to secure attachment Caregivers of insecurely attached infants tend to be: – Rejecting – Inconsistent – Abusive © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.

24. 6 - 24 Figure 6.8 - Regions of the Brain Proposed as Likely to be Important in Infant Mother Attachment © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.

25. 6 - 25 Developmental Social Neuroscience and Attachment Connections of attachment and the brain involve: – Neuroanatomy of the brain – Neurotransmitters – Hormones © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.

26. 6 - 26 Developmental Social Neuroscience and Attachment Important role in maternal attachment behavior – Prefrontal cortex – Subcortical regions such as the amygdala – Hypothalamus (H-P-A axis) – Mammillary bodies Role of hormones and neurotransmitters – Emphasized the importance of oxytocin and vasopressin © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.

27. 6 - 27 Social Contexts Family Child care © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.

28. 6 - 28 Figure 6.9 - Interaction Between Children and their Parents: Direct and Indirect Effects © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.

29. 6 - 29 Family Constellation of subsystems Transition to parenthood – Adjustment of parents during infant’s first years Infant care competes with parents’ other interests Overall increase in marital satisfaction © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.

30. 6 - 30 Family Reciprocal socialization: Bidirectional – Children socialize parents, just as parents socialize children – Scaffolding: Parents time interactions so that infants experience turn taking with the parents © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.

31. 6 - 31 Family Managing and guiding infants’ behavior – Being proactive and childproofing the environment – Engaging in corrective methods © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.

32. 6 - 32 Family Maternal and paternal caregiving – Maternal interactions centre on child-care activities Feeding, changing diapers, bathing – Paternal interactions tend to be play-centered © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.

33. 6 - 33 Figure 6.11 - The Increase in the Number of U.S. Fathers Staying at Home Full-Time with their Children © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.

34. 6 - 34 Child Care Parental leave Variations in child care – Factors that influence the effects are: Age of the child Type of child care Quality of the program © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.

35. 6 - 35 Figure 6.12 - Primary Care Arrangements in the United States for Children Under 5 Years of Age with Employed Mothers © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.

36. 6 - 36 Child Care – Strategies parents can follow: Quality of parenting is a key factor in child’s development Monitor child’s development Take some time to find the best child care © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.