1. Interoperable Information System of Systems for HTAP

2. Coarse Outline GEOSS Approach –GEOSS System of Systems –GEOSS Information - Internet - Architecture diagram –International Standards –What few things... Convergence protocols –User - driven –Infrastructe - extension of current systems Data Model Hanrmonisation –Data-Data comparison –Model-Model omparison –Model-Data Comparison -> Integration Analysis System for HTAP –Obs Evidence –Model Evidence –Integrated Model Obs Reporting System –Writing Information Science, Engineering Technology fpr HTAP –Information Science, Architechure (Master Framworks, SOA) –Engineering, Linkages, Driving forces (Services, Network, Linkages) –Technologies (Web Services, Workflow, Wiki, Social Software) Application Examples –Exceptional Event –Model Intercomaprison –...

4. GEOSS-Like Air Quality System of Systems? Characteristics of System of Systems (SoS) (Based on DoD Descriptions) Autonomous constituents managed/operated independently Independent evolution of each constituent Displays emergent behavior Must recognize, manage, exploit the characteristics: No stakeholder has complete SoS insight Central control is limited; distributed control is essential Users, must be involved throughout the life of a SoS

5. Generic Decision Support for Air Quality Decisions Global Earth Observing System of Systems GEOSS Architecture Framework Knowledge into the Minds of Regulatory Analysts Knowledge into the Minds of Technical Analysts Observations Reports: Model Forecasts, Obs. Evidence Models Decisions Knowledge into the Minds of Decision- making managers Decision Support System

6. Some major AQ Information System Challenges (Same as the DoD, ES Challenges?) WCS/W MS Ap p Are WCS/WMS Convergence Protocols? Connecting Humans! What few things must be the same so that everything else can be different? (GEOSS) Right Level of Networking?

7. Recommendations CONOPS experimentation infrastructure experimentation. provisional fielding experimentation. Discovery agents are necessary to enable network centricity versus Moreover, disciplined evaluation of convergence protocols is necessary to identify the expected standards for implementation in every system that is to be “system- of-systems enabled.” invest further in the underlying theory of interactions among systems to accomplish the predictable analysis of systems engineered as part of a system-of-systems. This reflects the strong pragmatic perspective of this report and the resultant methodology.

8. The Architecture of SoS Networks SoS Architecture – Form and Function Different aspects of the network Right Level of Networking?

9. One of the key factors dictating the achievement of system-of- systems configurations that support network centric operations is the availability of mechanisms that promote information sharing among systems. Direct system-to-system linkages presuppose that the systems know a priori about each system that might benefit from any other system. Many combat situations have disproved this assumption. Emergent behavior in a network that is only created by the combination, not by the individual members. Emergent behavior: novel and coherent (logically connected, purposeful, meaningful) structures, patterns and properties arising from self-organization (mashers are self-organizers) in complex systems WikipediaWikipedia Emergent behavior is created by mashing Mashing occurs when open on both ends of network.- diffusion –Input side – grow by assimilation –Output side – Harvest (i.e. DataFed harvests datasets)

10. Stages of Self-Organization Stage 1: Expose goods. Sharing was doable, but lots of work. Need glue, duct tape, shop-based approach. Value Shop. Burden: user pays Stage 2: Mediated sharing. DataFed, where wrappers/adapters used. Loose coupling automate the wrapper and mediator Burden: Mediator pays. Users gain. Stage 3: Creating new things together, service chaining, mashing, collaboration – Emergent behavior where network produces value, non- linearly. Burden: creators Tim Burners-Lee: The web allows creating new things together. Howard Rheingold: The computer as mind amplifiers. The ultimate goal of all this is to both amplify the mind of individuals and also connect the minds.

11. From GADS (1990) to GEOSS (2010) Information Systems Build on existing systems to provide comprehensive, coordinated Earth observations and transforming the data into vital information for society Implement interoperability arrangements using open standards, shared architecture