1. University of Latvia Trends in Physics, Budapest, Hungary Electro-optical solution for visual acuity and contrast sensitivity modeling Roberts Paeglis and Maris Ozolinsh University of Latvia, Dept. of Optometry and Vision Science European Comission Centre of Excellence

2. University of Latvia Outline Light scattering in human eyes Electro-optic ceramics in an eye model “Single-pass”experiments “Double-pass”experiments Final remarks

3. University of Latvia During the lifetime, light scattering in the human eyes increases 2 to 3 times 7 of 10 people over 65 have opacities in the eye lens(es). For 2 of the 7 opacities cause problems, the cataracts Opaque eye lens (B.Masters, 2001) What happens in the eye?

4. University of Latvia Modeling of light scattering could promote understanding of physical and physiological changes in the eye In this way we could also assess the limits of diagnostical methods without a threat to harm or exhaust volunteers Why modeling?

5. University of Latvia Light scattering in human eyes Electro-optic ceramics in an eye model “Single-pass”experiments “Double-pass”experiments Final remarks Where we are…

6. University of Latvia PLZT ceramics is largely transparent for the visible light. Applied electric field, however, induces formation of polar regions that cause considerable light scattering By changing the electric field that we apply, we can vary the amount of scattering induced PLZT stands for Pb 0.91 La 0.09 Zr 0.65 Ti 0.35 O 3 We used PLZT….

7. University of Latvia Scattering in the PLZT material is sensitive to the changes in temperature The increase of scattering is reversible Golden electrodes Golden electrodes are applied in tiny islets on the surface. The plate with electrodes has stronger absorption in the blue spectrum. So does the cataract in the human eye, however To keep an eye on...

8. University of Latvia Light scattering in human eyes Electro-optic ceramics in an eye model “Single-pass”experiments “Double-pass”experiments Final remarks Where we are…

9. University of Latvia 1301 PLZT ceramics & lens Voltage generator Microscopew ithout the ocular & the CCD without the objective Resolution test Microscope & CCD Single-pass method... incoherent light

10. University of Latvia 1301 Laser (633 nm) Double slit PLZT ceramics & lens Voltage generator Microscopew ithout the ocular & the CCD without the objective Microscope & CCD Single-pass method... laser source

11. University of Latvia Changes in the quality of images were observed starting from E=5…7 kV/cm. The range used does not harm the PLZT As a result….

12. University of Latvia Alterations in intensity and contrast of the digital images were registered. At E=9 kV/cm the interference patterns for the conventional “good vision” (V=1.0 or 20/20) could be resolved no more. Evaluation of reliability and comparison of diagnostic methods could be made Clinical applications

13. University of Latvia 1 I Pixels 2 3 One bit scans of interference images: E=0; E=8.4 kV/cm; E=9.0 kV/cm Changes can be visualised... Interference patterns are used in clinics to evaluate the neural functions of the eye with a cataract

14. University of Latvia The system can visualize the changes in contrast and intensity of contrast sinusoids and bright incoherently illuminated objects (Vistech Consultants, Inc.) Standard tests can be tried...

15. University of Latvia Light scattering in human eyes Electro-optic ceramics in an eye model “Single-pass”experiments “Double-pass”experiments Final remarks Where we are…

16. University of Latvia Double-pass optical set-up In collaboration with the Laboratory of Optics, the University of Murcia, Spain

17. University of Latvia Aperture L2 M4 L1 Spatial filter Laser (543 nm) Beam splitter M3 M1 M2 Focusing system CCD L4 L3 Eye positioning 1302 Voltage generator PLZT ceramics & lens Double-pass scheme Courtesy of H.M.Bueno

18. University of Latvia E=8,7 kV/cm E=8,3 kV/cm E=8,0 kV/cm E=7,7 kV/cm E=7,3 kV/cm E=6,7 kV/cm E=5,4 kV/cm E=4,0 kV/cm E=0 kV/cm The centre loses energy... Intensity distribution of a point image Electric field

19. University of Latvia We can register the “migration” of energy to the tails... …higher spatial frequencies gain the energy

20. University of Latvia Depolarisation of light in the model and the eye differ… Light maintains polarisation...

21. University of Latvia Where we are… Light scattering in human eyes Electro-optic ceramics in an eye model “Single-pass”experiments “Double-pass”experiments Final remarks Finis coronat opus

22. University of Latvia In brief, A device consisting of PLZT ceramics, a +55.6 D lens, a microscope and a CCD can visualize the changes in images that are caused by light scattering Reliability and the limits of interferometry diagnostics can be studied

23. University of Latvia Interdependence of scattering and ocular aberrations, and their impact on the image can be explored with a PLZT plate in the double-pass setup Light of high energy can be used to see the effects more profoundly Furthermore…

24. University of Latvia Resolution can be limited by high aberrations of the optical device (chromatic aberrations, coma), CCD geometry and digital processing Scattering effects are temperature- dependent However...

25. University of Latvia TIME HAVE I LEFT ANY TIME FOR QUESTIONS? Thank you!

26. University of Latvia