1. Antigens & Immunogen

2. Antigens Immunogens Immunogenicity Antigenicity Allergen Allergoid
Mitogen
Super antigen
Hapten (Hapten-carrier) Haptens are partial antigens.
Haptens are antigenic: they can react with immune lymphocytes or antibodies.
However, haptens are not immunogenic: they can not by themselves cause the production of immune lymphocytes or antibodies.

18. Antigens developed from epitopes
Linear epitopes
√Conformational epitopes(continus, discontinues)
Hidden epitopes (CMI)
Immunosilent epitopes (immunogen after separation and conjugation with carrier)
Neoepitope (phosphorilation or other changes on conformational epitope)

21. Epitopes
Epitopes are very small (e.g., just four or five amino acid or monosaccharide residues).
b. The epitopes on an antigen can be linear (i.e., continuous within the amino acid sequence of hr molecule) or conformational (i.e., containing amino acids that end up in the same area on the surface of the protein but are not adjacent in the peptide chain) (Figure-1).
c. Some antibody-binding sites (i.e., epitopes) are no the antigen's surface (topographic); others are internal.
(1) Internal epitopes are only expressed after the antigen has been "processed" by a phagocytic cell.
(2) Epitopes are immunoreactive only if their amino acids are spatially accessible due to tertiary protein structure.

26. Epitopes Specific Non specific (Cross reactive)
Epitope competition,
Overlap epitopes
Non-overlap epitopes
Allostric effect (Binding of first Ab change the structure of second Ag)

27. Epitope mapping

28. Immunogenicity depend on:
Foreignness
Genetic
Adjuvants (CFA, IFA, Alum,ISCOMs, Quil A )
Antigen forms (Conformational > Linear)
Electric Charges (Hydrophilic, Net charge of Ag +, then net charge of Ab is -)
Optical configuration (natural amino acids are L.amino acid)
Chemical composition (protein>LPS>DNA>lipid)
Molecular size (Less than 10 kd is not immunogen and the best immunogen is 100kd)
Dose
Route of immunization
T cell dependent
Immunization scheudle
Male/female

29. Adjuvant
D. Adjuvants. Nonspecific stimulation of the immune response can occur via adjuvants (e.g., complete Freund's adjuvant, a mixture of killed mycobacteria and oil).
These substances enhance the immunogenicity of molecules without altering their chemical composition.
2. The mechanisms by which adjuvants exert their biological effects are multiple.
a. Adjuvants may increase the efficiency of macrophage processing of antigens.
b. Adjuvants can act as depots and prolong the period of exposure to the immunogen.
c. Adjuvants may amplify the proliferation of immunologically committed lymphocytes by enhancing the release or the action of lymphokines.