1. The Collapse of the Soviet Union And the world watched with wonder …

2. Eastern Bloc Union of Soviet Socialist Republics 15 Republics: Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Estonia, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Russia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan 7 Satellite Countries: Bulgaria, Czech Republic, East Germany, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Slovakia

4. Was the Collapse Due to Force? No  The Cold War cost more than $11 trillion. But the collapse of the Soviet Union and its satellites was not a result of force.  No NATO tank fired a shot.  No bomb fell on the Kremlin.

5. A Home-Grown Insurgency  Instead, a massive, home- grown insurgency, led by a number of different participants, contributed to the collapse:  Workers  Dissident intellectuals  Advocates of national self-determination  Reformers

6. Polish Trade Union: Solidarity  The downfall began in 1980 when striking Polish workers organized Solidarity, an independent trade union of nearly 10 million members.

7. Support from Catholic Church  Solidarity, which had strong support from the powerful Polish Catholic Church, demonstrated how a working-class movement could offer an entire nation moral and political leadership.

8. Solidarity’s Chairman: Lech Walesa  The Polish military drove Solidarity underground in 1981. However, in 1983, Solidarity’s chairman, Lech Walesa, won the Nobel peace prize. In 1990, he would be the first freely elected president of the Polish nation in more than sixty years.

9. The Gorbachev Revolution  Mikhail Gorbachev, who came to power in 1985 as the General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU), recognized that the Soviet Union could not remain politically and economically isolated and that the Soviet system had to be changed if it was to survive.

10. Gorbachev's Five-Point Plan  The key pieces to Gorbachev's plan for the survival of the Soviet Union were a series of reforms: 1. Glasnost (openness) – greater freedom of expression 2. Perestroika (restructuring) – decentralization of the Soviet economy with gradual market reforms 3. Renunciation of the Brezhnev Doctrine (armed intervention where socialism was threatened) and the pursuit of arms control agreements 4. Reform of the KGB (secret service) 5. Reform of the Communist Party

11. The Objective: Survival  Gorbachev knew that the Soviet Union would have to change if it was to survive.  Central planning in a modern industrial economy brought many inefficiencies.  The factory management system provided little incentive to make technological improvements and every incentive to hide factory capacities to ensure low quotas  The socialist farm system was inefficient – there were poor worker incentives and storage and transportation problems.  The Soviet State could no longer afford the high defense spending that accompanied the Cold War.

12. Insistent Calls for Change  He believed that his reforms were necessary and used his leadership and power to attempt to implement them.  The policy of glasnost (openness) made it possible for people to more freely criticize the government's policies. When people realized it was safe to speak out, the calls for change became more insistent.

13. Reforms Were Too Slow  The gradual market reforms and decentralization of the economy (perestroika) were too slow and failed to keep pace with the crisis and his people's demands.  The Soviet Union was suffering a deterioration of economic and social conditions and a fall in the GNP.

14. Party Reforms a Failure  His attempts to reform the Communist Party were a failure. Change was too slow to keep pace with events and he was continually hampered by his need to give in to the hard-liners in order to retain power. As communism collapsed in Eastern Europe, reform of communism in the Soviet Union became unlikely.

15. Release from Soviet Domination  The renunciation of the Brezhnev Doctrine (armed intervention in support of socialism) released the Eastern European states from Soviet domination.  The communist rulers of these states could not survive without the support of the Soviet Union. The Brezhnev Doctrine was articulated in 1968 when the Soviet army occupied Czechoslovakia to end the Prague Spring, an attempt by Alexander Dubcek to build “socialism with a human face.”

17. Reagan’s Brandenburg Gate Speech  President Ronald Reagan called upon Gorbachev to tear down the Berlin Wall: "In the Communist world, we see failure, technological backwardness, declining standards... Even today, the Soviet Union cannot feed itself. The inescapable conclusion is that freedom is the victor. General Secretary Gorbachev, if you seek peace, if you seek prosperity for the Soviet Union, if you seek liberalization: Come here to this gate! Mr. Gorbachev, open this gate! Mr. Gorbachev, tear down this wall!”

18. President Reagan giving a speech at the Berlin Wall, Brandenburg Gate, Federal Republic of Germany. June 12, 1987

19. Family Guy’s Version of Reagan’s Speech:

20. Wave of Demonstrations  Beginning in September 1989, a wave of huge demonstrations shook Communist regimes across eastern Europe. A massive tide of East German emigrants surged through Czechoslovakia and Hungary to the West, undermining the authority of the Communist hard-liners who still clung to power in the German Democratic Republic (GDR).

21. A tram is blocked by East German demonstrators in the center of the city in October 1989. Their banner reads: 'Legalization of opposition parties, free democratic elections, free press and independent unions.'

22. The Wall Came Down  Finally, on the night of November 9, 1989, ordinary Germans poured through the Berlin Wall. The GDR quickly disintegrated, and by the end of 1990, all of East Germany had been incorporated into the wealthy, powerful Federal Republic of Germany.

23. The Rise of Nationalism  With the iron grip of the centralized Soviet state relaxed and the growing failure of the state to adequately feed and clothe its people, nationalism in the republics surged and separatist movements threatened the very existence of the Soviet Union. Super Cute Protesters: Moldova: The hot, angry face of nationalism - Apr 13, 2009

24. Events in Eastern Europe  Communist governments in Czechoslovakia, Hungary, and Bulgaria either tumbled or underwent reform.  The Communist dictatorship in Romania fell after a week of bloody street battles between ordinary citizens and police, who defended the old order to the bitter end.

25. The Ukraine (background + exit from USSR)  Ukraine has been a global breadbasket (highly important for the USSR)  Ukraine includes (or rather included) the Crimea  Inhabitants today: 77.8% Ukrainian 17.3% Russian 17.3% Russian 4.9% unspecified 4.9% unspecified

26. Ukraine Continued  Ukraine fought for both the Entente and Alliance during WWI  They claimed their independence after WWI, but a civil war broke out, threatening their newly sought freedom  Czech, Romania, Poland, and USSR claimed all the territory of the Ukraine that sought indepedence

27. More Ukraine  10 million Ukrainian people died during Stalin’s reign due to collectivization and mass industrialization  After WWII Ukraine was devastated & another famine followed as a result  Post-war ethnic cleansing occurred in the newly expanded Soviet Union. As of 1 January 1953, Ukrainians were second only to Russians among adult "special deportees", comprising 20% of the total. In addition, over 450,000 ethnic Germans from Ukraine and more than 200,000 Crimean Tatars were victims of forced deportations. ethnic cleansingspecial deporteesGermansCrimean Tatarsforced deportationsethnic cleansingspecial deporteesGermansCrimean Tatarsforced deportations

28. Ukraine – Nuclear Disaster  Soon the Ukraine became the center for industrial production for USSR  Brezhnev was from Ukraine  April 26 1986 the reactor of the Chernobyl Nuclear plant exploded (56 deaths) and 4000 subsequent cancer deaths. The city of Pripyat nearby the plant is now abandoned & deemed uninhabitable (except for the few families who refused to leave)

29. http://luurankojakaapissa.blogspot.ca/ 2011/10/chernobyl-today.html http://luurankojakaapissa.blogspot.ca/ 2011/10/chernobyl-today.html

30. Today’s Ukraine   In 2004, Viktor Yanukovych, then Prime Minister, was declared the winner of the presidential elections, which had been largely rigged, as the Supreme Court of Ukraine later ruledViktor Yanukovychpresidential elections Supreme Court of Ukraine   The results caused a public outcry in support of the opposition candidate, Viktor Yushchenko, who challenged the outcome of the elections. This resulted in the peaceful Orange Revolution, bringing Viktor Yushchenko and Yulia Tymoshenko to power, while casting Viktor Yanukovych in oppositionViktor YushchenkoOrange RevolutionYulia Tymoshenko

31. Ukraine Today   Yanukovych returned to a position of power in 2006, when he became Prime Minister in the Alliance of National Unity, [118] until snap elections in September 2007 made Tymoshenko Prime Minister Alliance of National Unity [118]snap elections in September 2007   Viktor Yanukovych was elected President in 2010 with 48% of votes again due to gas shortages Viktor Yanukovychelected President in 2010   The Euromaidan (Ukrainian) protests started in November 2013, after then-president Viktor Yanukovych began shying away from an association agreement that had been in the works with the European Union and instead chose to establish closer ties with RussiaEuromaidanUkrainianViktor YanukovychEuropean Union

32. Ukraine Today   Euromaidan came to describe a wave of ongoing demonstrations and civil unrest in Ukraine, the scope of which evolved to include calls for the resignation of President Yanukovych and his governmentPresidentYanukovych government   Violence escalated after 16 January 2014 when the government accepted Bondarenko-Oliynyk laws, also known as Anti-Protest Laws. Anti- government demonstrators occupied buildings in the centre of Kiev, including the Justice Ministry building, and riots left 98 dead and thousands injured from 18–20 FebruaryAnti-Protest Laws

33. Ukraine Today   Due to violent protests on 22 February 2014, Members of Parliament found the president unable to fulfill his duties and exercised "constitutional powers" to set an election for 25 May to select his replacementan election   the Euromaidan revolution caused concern in the Crimea Autonomous Republic and the East and South regions of Ukraine,(a majority in Crimea). In Crimea the unrest was amplified by the presence of unidentified armed men that swarmed the peninsula and blocked the Ukrainian army and law-enforcement effectives. Most of these men were Russian army, as was later confirmed by president Putin in a speech of 17 April 2014ect his replacementEuromaidan revolution

34. Crimea   On 1 March 2014, Russian President Vladimir Putin received authorization from the Russian Parliament to deploy Russian troops to Ukraine.Russian troops accordingly mobilized throughout Crimea and the southeast of Ukraine. By 2 March, Russian troops had complete control over Crimea.Vladimir Putinmobilized throughout Crimea   On 6 March 2014 the Crimean Parliament voted to "enter into the Russian Federation with the rights of a subject of the Russian Federation"

35. Crimea “Referendum”   The referendum was held on 16 March 2014. The referendum asked the people of these regions whether they wanted to join Russia as a federal subject, or if they wanted to restore the 1992 Crimean constitution and Crimea's status as a part of Ukrainefederal subject1992 Crimean constitution   Election officials in Crimea announced 97% of voters had voted in favor of joining the Russian Federation; local media alleged voter fraud.voter fraud   Mainland Ukraine is now worried due to Russian troops mobilizing towards the country.   And it continues…….

36.  And now back to the fall of the Soviet Union.  Hmmmm makes you think about today’s Russia and their current actions…..

37. Radical Change  Radical change finally reached the Soviet heartland in August 1991, when thousands of Russian citizens poured into the streets to defeat a reactionary coup d'état.

38. Independent Republics  The Communist party quickly collapsed, and the Soviet Union began the painful and uncertain process of reorganizing itself as a loose confederation of independent republics.

39. Boris Yeltsin  Boris Yeltsin, who headed the Russian Republic, replaced Gorbachev as president of a much- diminished state. Gorbachev found that there was no Soviet Union to lead and retired into private life. Time magazine's July 15, 1996, issue, featured a 10-page spread about a squad of U.S. political pros who "clandestinely participated in guiding Yeltsin's campaign.“

40. Nobel Peace Prize  Gorbachev won the 1989 Nobel Peace Prize. He brought a peaceful end to the cold war, and dramatic change to his country's economy, though not in the way he intended.

41. The End of the Cold War  The Cold War was over, brought to a close not by the missiles and tanks of the principal participants, but by the collective courage and willpower of ordinary men and women.

42. Ronald Reagan’s Role  In the United States, partisans of Ronald Reagan claimed much of the credit for ending the Cold War. Reagan's frank denunciation of the Soviet Union as an “evil empire," along with his administration's military buildup, were said to have inspired eastern bloc dissidents at the same time the arms race exhausted the productive capacity of the Soviet Union and other inefficient Communist regimes.

43. Nuclear Stockpiles, 1945-2006 Source data from: Robert S. Norris and Hans M. Kristensen, "Global nuclear stockpiles, 1945-2006," Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists 62, no. 4 (July/August 2006), 64-66. Online at http://thebulletin.metapress.com/content/c4120650912x74k7/fulltext.pdfhttp://thebulletin.metapress.com/content/c4120650912x74k7/fulltext.pdf

44. The National Debt US Pop: 304,998,272 Share of Debt/Person: $34,526.04 Daily Increase: $3.84 billion $438 billion deficit

45. Another Side to the Story  According to U.S. diplomat George Kennan, author of "The Sources of Soviet Conduct" (1947) and architect of the containment policy, the West's militarized posture helped the Communists to rationalize their authoritarian rule. The more U.S. policies followed a hard line, the greater was the tendency in Moscow to tighten the controls and to discourage liberalizing tendencies.

46. Lech Walesa's SOLIDARITY Gorbachev’s REFORMS John Paul II’s CATHOLIC CHURCH Glasnost Ronald Reagan’s FOREIGN POLICY No Brezhnev Doctrine Perestroika Reform KGB Reform Comm Party EVIL EMPIRE Speech MILITARY BUILDUP ARMS RACE East German NATIONALISM The Collapse of the Soviet Union and the End of the Cold War Ordinary MEN & WOMEN WILL POWER COURAGE Eastern Bloc Union of Soviet Socialist Republics

47. Remaining Communist Countries  At its peak, communism was practiced in dozens of countries:  Soviet Union: Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Estonia, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Russia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, and Uzbekistan  Asian Countries: Afghanistan, Cambodia, Mongolia, and Yemen  Soviet Controlled Eastern bloc countries: Bulgaria, Czech Republic, East Germany, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Slovakia.  The Balkans: Albania, Bosnia, Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Macedonia, Montenegro, Serbia, and Slovenia.  Africa: Angola, Benin, Congo, Ethiopia, Somalia, Eritrea, and Mozambique.  Currently only a handful of countries identified as communist remain: Laos, North Korea, Vietnam, China, and Cuba.