1. MONEY DEFINED Money is anything that can be used as ALL of the following: 1. A medium of exchange 2. A store of value 3. A unit of account / Standard of Value Our money is fiat … technically known as an inconvertible fiat standard

2. WHERE DOES $ COME FROM? The Federal Reserve System is the sole supplier of US currency. The FED has a monopoly over the money supply This is important! ANY CHANGE IN MONEY SUPPLY IS A RESAULT OF FED POLICY NOT CONGRESS… Well sort of…

3. MONEY SUPPLY There are a few measures of the Money Supply… Here are the two most important M1 – Liquid Coin, currency and Demand Deposits (checking and some savings accounts) M2 – Highly liquid but not cash M1 + Time Deposits, Money Market Mutual Funds, overnight Eurodollars M1 to M2 the measure of money becomes larger and less liquid M2 to M1 the measure of money becomes smaller but more liquid

4. TIME VALUE OF MONEY Simply, the understanding that because of inflation and opportunity cost, money today is worth more than money tomorrow. This is why interest exists for borrowing and lending $ Simple Interest Is the rate of interest based only on the amount borrowed (principle) This ignores the interest charge on the interest over time Compound interest Interest calculated on the principle and also accumulated interest of previous periods of a loan The rate depends on the frequency of compounding (ex. monthly or annually)

5. CALCULATING TIME VALUE OF MONEY… (INTEREST) Let v = future value of $ p = present value of $ r = real interest rate (nominal rate – inflation rate) expressed as a decimal n = years k = number of times interest is credited per year The Simple Interest Formula v = ( 1 + r ) n * p The Compound Interest Formula v = ( 1 + r / k ) nk * p

6. PRACTICE Assume that inflation is expected to be 3% and that the nominal interest rate on simple interest savings is 1%. Calculate the future value of $1 after 1 year. Step 1: Calculate the real interest rate r = i -  r = 1% – 3% = -2% or -.02 Step 2: Use the simple interest formula to calculate the future value of $1 v = ( 1 + r ) n * p v = ( 1 + (-.02)) 1 * $ 1 v = (.98) * $ 1 v = $0.98

7. PRACTICE 2 Assume that inflation is still expected to be 3% but that the nominal interest rate on simple interest savings is 4%. Calculate the future value of $1 after 1 year. Step 1: Calculate the real interest rate r = i -  r = 4% - 3% = 1% or.01 Step 2: Use the simple interest formula to calculate the future value of $1 v = ( 1 + r ) n * p v = ( 1 +.01) 1 * $ 1 v = $1.01

8. PRACTICE 3 LAST ONE Assume that annual inflation is expected to be 2.5% and that the annual nominal interest rate on a 10 year certificate of deposit is 5% compounded monthly. Calculate the future value of $1,000 after 10 years. Step 1: Calculate the real interest rate r = i -  r = 5% - 2.5% = 2.5% or.025 Step 2: Use the compound interest formula to calculate the future value of $1,000 v = ( 1 + r / k ) nk * p v = ( 1 +.025 / 12 ) 10*12 * $1,000 v = ( 1 + 0.002083) 120 * $1,000 v = $1,283.69

9. QUANTITY THEORY OF MONEY Theory states: Nominal GDP = The Money Supply * The Velocity of Money Or… MS * V = PL * GDPr (this is Nominal GDP) MS = money supply (M1 or M2) V = money’s velocity

10. ILLUSTRATED… MV=PQ M1=$2 trillion V of M1 = 7 PQ = $14 trillion GDP R PL AD SRASLRAS QFQF P