Mitosis/Meiosis Review

Mitosis/Meiosis Review
Yes, I know the Course description says you don’t have to know names of phases but I don’t know how you can talk about what happens without calling it something. So yeah, we are going to learn names of phases

Phase of the cell cycle in which DNA is copied
Cell division in bacterial cells is called ________________ Binary fission Phase of the cell cycle in which DNA is copied S (synthesis)

What happens in metaphase I that results in independent assortment?
Homologous chromosome pairs line up together RANDOMLY with respect to poles. Depending on how they line up, different combinations of maternal and paternal chromosomes can end up together in the same cell. 3.A.2.c. 2. During meiosis, homologous chromosomes are paired, with one homologue originating from the maternal parent and the other from the paternal parent. Orientation of the chromosome pairs is random with respect to the cell poles. LO 3.10 The student is able to represent the connection between meiosis and increased genetic diversity necessary for evolution. [See SP 7.1]

Increases in the enzymatic activity of some protein kinases important for the regulation of the cell cycle are due to A. kinase synthesis by ribosomes B. activation of inactive kinases by binding cyclins C. conversion of inactive cyclins to active kinases by means of phosphorylation D. cleavage of the inactive kinase molecules by cytoplasmic proteases E. a decline in external growth factors to a concentration below the inhibitory threshold B 3.A.2.a.3. Cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases control the cell cycle. LO 3.7 The student can make predictions about natural phenomena occurring during the cell cycle. [See SP 6.4] LO 3.8 The student can describe the events that occur in the cell cycle. [See SP 1.2] Campbell Self-Quiz

Type of cell division in eukaryotic cells that results in 2 identical diploid daughter cells.
mitosis Imaginary plane in a cell where chromosomes line up during metaphase Metaphase plate

Mitotic spindle Microtubules
This network of fibers that attach to and guide the chromosomes apart is called the ______________ It is made of ____________________ Mitotic spindle Microtubules

Phase of mitosis that follows anaphase
telophase Phase of the cell cycle that follows G2 Mitosis (prophase)

Phase of mitosis that follows metaphase
anaphase Phase of the cell cycle that follows G1 S

What are some changes that a body cell undergoes to become a cancer cell?
Loss of control of cell cycle and unlimited growth due to mutations in master control p53 gene: - growth promoter genes “turned on” - tumor suppressor genes “turned off” - loss of contact inhibition (allows metastasis) - loss of density-dependent inhibition (tumor) - apoptosis genes “turned off” (no suicide) - telomerase gene “turned on” (unlimited division) - blood vessel growth genes “turned on” 3.A.2. a.2. The cell cycle is directed by internal controls or checkpoints. Internal and external signals provide stop-and-go signs at the checkpoints. • Cancer results from disruptions in cell cycle control

These areas at the poles that organize the spindle are called ________________
centrosomes In animal cells this area contains log-shaped structures called ____________ centrioles

G1, S, and G2 make up this phase of the cell cycle.
interphase This is also called the “microtubule organizing center” centrosome

Shortest phase of the cell cycle in which sister chromatids separate and begin moving to opposite poles anaphase Plant cells can’t form a cleavage furrow during cytokinesis due to their cell wall, instead they form a _______________ to divide. cell plate

Image from: http://www.virofond.ulg.ac.be/Collectif/Image/Sordaria2.jpg
In the meiosis lab you counted parental and recombinant Sordaria asci and used the data to determine gene to centromere distance for the spore color gene. Use what you know about crossing over frequencies to MAKE A PREDICTION about the connection between the distance between TWO genes on a chromosome and their frequency of crossing over. The closer together two genes are on a chromosome the lower their cross over frequency will be. Genes that are far apart will cross over more frequently. Genes that are close together will cross over less frequently SP.2.3 The student can estimate numerically quantities that describe natural phenomena.

In the meiosis lab you counted parental and recombinant Sordaria asci and used the data to determine gene to centromere distance for the spore color gene. What was different about the cells produced by meiosis in this lab and the cells produced by meiosis in humans? Fungi use meiosis to produce spores Animals use meiosis to produce gametes.

Compare and contrast anaphase of mitosis with anaphase I and anaphase II of meiosis ANAPHASE of mitosis- homologous chromosomes line up independently ANAPHASE I of meiosis- homologous chromosomes line up together ANAPHASE II of meiosis- chromosomes line up independently 3.A.2..b.4 Mitosis is a continuous process with observable structural features along the mitotic process. 3.A.2.c. 2. During meiosis, homologous chromosomes are paired, with one homologue originating from the maternal parent and the other from the paternal parent. Orientation of the chromosome pairs is random with respect to the cell poles. LO 3.7 The student can make predictions about natural phenomena occurring during the cell cycle. [See SP 6.4] LO 3.8 The student can describe the events that occur in the cell cycle. [See SP 1.2] LO 3.10 The student is able to represent the connection between meiosis and increased genetic diversity necessary for evolution. [See SP 7.1]

Which organelle is responsible for the vesicles containing material to build the cell plate during cytokinesis in plant cells? Golgi bodies 3.A.2..b.4 Mitosis is a continuous process with observable structural features along the mitotic process. LO 3.7 The student can make predictions about natural phenomena occurring during the cell cycle. [See SP 6.4] LO 3.8 The student can describe the events that occur in the cell cycle. [See SP 1.2]

This phase of the cell cycle is _____________
anaphase Part of interphase in which the cell grows to mature size and carries out its job. G1 3.A.2..b.4 Mitosis is a continuous process with observable structural features along the mitotic process. LO 3.7 The student can make predictions about natural phenomena occurring during the cell cycle. [See SP 6.4] LO 3.8 The student can describe the events that occur in the cell cycle. [See SP 1.2]]

What is the difference between transformation and metastasis in a cancer cell?
Transformation= changes a normal body cell undergoes to become a cancer cell Metastasis-spreading of a cancer cell from its original location to other areas of the body

Region where the two chromatid copies are most closely attached =______________
centromere These sister chromatids are produced during which phase of the cell cycle? result of DNA synthesis during S phase in interphase 3.A.2..b.4 Mitosis is a continuous process with observable structural features along the mitotic process. LO 3.7 The student can make predictions about natural phenomena occurring during the cell cycle. [See SP 6.4] LO 3.8 The student can describe the events that occur in the cell cycle. [See SP 1.2]

Image from: https://classconnection. s3. amazonaws
Name this structure of proteins associated with DNA in this region to which the spindle fibers attach kinetochore 3.A.2..b.4 Mitosis is a continuous process with observable structural features along the mitotic process. LO 3.7 The student can make predictions about natural phenomena occurring during the cell cycle. [See SP 6.4] LO 3.8 The student can describe the events that occur in the cell cycle. [See SP 1.2]]

How is prophase of mitosis different than prophase I of meiosis?
BOTH- chromatin condensed into chromosomes; nuclear membrane/nucleoli disappear; centrosomes/spindle appear. Prophase I of meiosis- Homologous chromosome pairs undergo synapsis and crossing over. Prophase of mitosis- no synapsis or crossing over 3.A.2..b.4 Mitosis is a continuous process with observable structural features along the mitotic process. 3.A.2.c. 2. During meiosis, homologous chromosomes are paired, with one homologue originating from the maternal parent and the other from the paternal parent. Orientation of the chromosome pairs is random with respect to the cell poles. LO 3.7 The student can make predictions about natural phenomena occurring during the cell cycle. [See SP 6.4] LO 3.8 The student can describe the events that occur in the cell cycle. [See SP 1.2] LO 3.10 The student is able to represent the connection between meiosis and increased genetic diversity necessary for evolution. [See SP 7.1]

Phase of mitosis in which two nuclei are visible, the nuclear envelope returns, spindle fibers disappear, and DNA becomes less condensed telophase Shallow groove in an animal cell membrane near the old metaphase plate that forms during cytokinesis Cleavage furrow 3.A.2.a.The cell cycle is a complex set of stages that is highly regulated with checkpoints, which determine the ultimate fate of the cell. LO 3.7 The student can make predictions about natural phenomena occurring during the cell cycle. [See SP 6.4] LO 3.8 The student can describe the events that occur in the cell cycle. [See SP 1.2]

How many chromosomes are shown in the figure at the right?
How many chromatids? 4 8 Campbell Concept check 12.2 3.A.2..b.4 Mitosis is a continuous process with observable structural features along the mitotic process. LO 3.7 The student can make predictions about natural phenomena occurring during the cell cycle. [See SP 6.4] LO 3.8 The student can describe the events that occur in the cell cycle. [See SP 1.2]]

EXPLAIN the role of kinetochores in cell division
Kinetochores Located in centromeres of condensed chromosomes; -spot on centromere where spindle fiber attaches -hold motor proteins that depolymerize microtubules as they move - Necessary for chromosome positioning and movement. 3.A.2..b.4 Mitosis is a continuous process with observable structural features along the mitotic process. LO 3.7 The student can make predictions about natural phenomena occurring during the cell cycle. [See SP 6.4] LO 3.8 The student can describe the events that occur in the cell cycle. [See SP 1.2]

What are some reasons cells undergo mitosis?
Reason cells undergo meiosis? growth repair injuries replace worn out cells asexual reproduction small SA/vol ratio Produce gametes for sexual reproduction 3.A.2..b.3. Mitosis plays a role in growth, repair, and asexual reproduction 3.A.2.c.Meiosis, a reduction division, followed by fertilization ensures genetic diversity in sexually reproducing organisms

Area next to the nucleus in which the centrioles are found that organizes the formation of the spindle centrosomes Phase in which the nuclear membrane disappears and the spindle fibers attach to the kinetochores prophase 3.A.2..b.4 Mitosis is a continuous process with observable structural features along the mitotic process. LO 3.8 The student can describe the events that occur in the cell cycle. [See SP 1.2]

activates Adding cyclin to a CdK ____________ it.
Activates Inactivates The amount of CdK’s in cells stays the same throughout the cell cycle. TRUE FALSE activates TRUE- CdK levels stay the same. What changes is amount of cyclins. High cyclins=CdK’s are activated and cell divides. Low cyclins= CdK’s are inactive and cell stops dividing 3.A.2.a.3. Cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases control the cell cycle. LO 3.7 The student can make predictions about natural phenomena occurring during the cell cycle. [See SP 6.4] LO 3.8 The student can describe the events that occur in the cell cycle. [See SP 1.2]

Phase in which the chromosomes line up at the equator of the cell
metaphase Phase after S in which cells make the molecules and organelles needed for cell division G2 3.A.2..b.4 Mitosis is a continuous process with observable structural features along the mitotic process. LO 3.7 The student can make predictions about natural phenomena occurring during the cell cycle. [See SP 6.4] LO 3.8 The student can describe the events that occur in the cell cycle. [See SP 1.2]

This cell is _____________ cell. an animal a plant
This is called a _____________ Cleavage furrow This cell is _____________ cell. an animal a plant an animal Plants don’t have cleavage furrows. 3.A.2..b.4 Mitosis is a continuous process with observable structural features along the mitotic process. LO 3.7 The student can make predictions about natural phenomena occurring during the cell cycle. [See SP 6.4] LO 3.8 The student can describe the events that occur in the cell cycle. [See SP 1.2]

How is segregation different from independent assortment?
SEGREGATION Homologous chromosomes separate and end up in different daughter cells INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT Each daughter cell gets ONE copy of each chromosome, but DIFFERENT COMBINATIONS of maternal & paternal chromosomes can end up together in a cell 3.A.2.c. 2. During meiosis, homologous chromosomes are paired, with one homologue originating from the maternal parent and the other from the paternal parent. Orientation of the chromosome pairs is random with respect to the cell poles. LO 3.10 The student is able to represent the connection between meiosis and increased genetic diversity necessary for evolution. [See SP 7.1]

EXPLAIN the role of MOTOR PROTEINS in cell division
Motor proteins “Pacman-like” proteins attached to kinetochore that “walk” along microtubules of spindle depolymerize microtubules as they move - move chromosomes during anaphase separation involves kinesins and dyneins. 3.A.2..b.4 Mitosis is a continuous process with observable structural features along the mitotic process. LO 3.7 The student can make predictions about natural phenomena occurring during the cell cycle. [See SP 6.4] LO 3.8 The student can describe the events that occur in the cell cycle. [See SP 1.2]

How is crossing over different from independent assortment?
CROSSING OVER Results in different combinations of maternal and paternal alleles TOGETHER ON SAME CHROMOSOME INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT Each daughter cell gets ONE copy of each chromosome, results in DIFFERENT COMBINATIONS of maternal & paternal chromosomes TOGETHER IN A CELL 3.A.2.c. 2. During meiosis, homologous chromosomes are paired, with one homologue originating from the maternal parent and the other from the paternal parent. Orientation of the chromosome pairs is random with respect to the cell poles. LO 3.10 The student is able to represent the connection between meiosis and increased genetic diversity necessary for evolution. [See SP 7.1]

One of 2 identical arms that make up a chromosome
The proteins around which DNA wraps to from a chromosome are called ____________ histones One of 2 identical arms that make up a chromosome chromatid 3.A.2..b.4 Mitosis is a continuous process with observable structural features along the mitotic process. LO 3.7 The student can make predictions about natural phenomena occurring during the cell cycle. [See SP 6.4] LO 3.8 The student can describe the events that occur in the cell cycle. [See SP 1.2]

ZYGOTE MITOSIS MEIOSIS

1n SPORES GAMETES MEIOSIS FERTILIZATION ZYGOTE 2n

(2n) (1n) MEIOSIS FERTILIZATION GAMETES SPORES MITOSIS ZYGOTE
PLANTS & SOME ALGAE (1n)

Phase of mitosis that follows prophase
metaphase Phase of the cell cycle that follows S G2 3.A.2..b.4 Mitosis is a continuous process with observable structural features along the mitotic process. LO 3.7 The student can make predictions about natural phenomena occurring during the cell cycle. [See SP 6.4] LO 3.8 The student can describe the events that occur in the cell cycle. [See SP 1.2]

Explain how cytokinesis is different in plant vs animal cells
Animal cells divide with a cleavage furrow; Plants use a cell plate What prevents plant cells from using a cleavage furrow during cytokinesis? Cell wall prevents “pinching” 3.A.2..b.4 Mitosis is a continuous process with observable structural features along the mitotic process. LO 3.7 The student can make predictions about natural phenomena occurring during the cell cycle. [See SP 6.4] LO 3.8 The student can describe the events that occur in the cell cycle. [See SP 1.2]

What enzyme replaces telomeres and is elevated in cancer cells?
telomerase How do telomerase levels in cancer cells compare to normal body cells? Telomerase is increased in cancer cells. Allows them to continue to divide forever (immortality) 3.A.2. a.2. The cell cycle is directed by internal controls or checkpoints. Internal and external signals provide stop-and-go signs at the checkpoints. • Cancer results from disruptions in cell cycle control

How does the Surface area/volume ratio differ in these TWO diagrams?
Explain the relationship between SA/vol and mitosis. One large cell has smaller SA/vol ratio than many smaller cells As cells grow bigger their SA/vol ratio decreases which means they can’t transport needed materials fast enough. Small SA/vol ratio is a trigger to undergo mitosis.

The protective tips at the ends of chromosomes that prevent loss of information during replication are called _______________ telomeres What happens to telomeres as cells age? They shorten each time the DNA is copied; so older cells have shorter telomeres

Checkpoints throughout the cell
cycle control passage to next phase. What happens at the G2 checkpoint? Check to make sure All chromosomes have been copied and cell has produced everything it needs for cell division 3.A.2.a.The cell cycle is a complex set of stages that is highly regulated with checkpoints, which determine the ultimate fate of the cell. LO 3.7 The student can make predictions about natural phenomena occurring during the cell cycle. [See SP 6.4] LO 3.8 The student can describe the events that occur in the cell cycle. [See SP 1.2]

Crossing over Segregation Independent assortment
Name some processes that happen during meiosis that result in genetic variation Crossing over Segregation Independent assortment (Random fertilization also results in variation in offspring but it’s not part of meiosis) LO 3.10 The student is able to represent the connection between meiosis and increased genetic diversity necessary for evolution. [See SP 7.1]

This cell is in __________ telophase
The cell above is a _________ cell. animal plant Plant You can see the cell plate forming in center instead of a cleavage furrow. 3.A.2..b.4 Mitosis is a continuous process with observable structural features along the mitotic process. LO 3.7 The student can make predictions about natural phenomena occurring during the cell cycle. [See SP 6.4] LO 3.8 The student can describe the events that occur in the cell cycle. [See SP 1.2]

List the phases of mitosis in order starting with interphase
Phase of the cell cycle where cells spend most of their time. They grow bigger and do their job as body cells. G1 or G0 List the phases of mitosis in order starting with interphase Interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokinesis 3.A.2..b.4 Mitosis is a continuous process with observable structural features along the mitotic process. LO 3.7 The student can make predictions about natural phenomena occurring during the cell cycle. [See SP 6.4] LO 3.8 The student can describe the events that occur in the cell cycle. [See SP 1.2]

Disorder in which body cells lose their ability to control cell division
cancer The spread of cancer cells to locations distant from their original site metastasis 3.A.2. a.2. The cell cycle is directed by internal controls or checkpoints. Internal and external signals provide stop-and-go signs at the checkpoints. • Cancer results from disruptions in cell cycle control

Cyclin dependent kinases (CdK’s)
_________________________________ are proteins that give the go ahead signals for cell division which are present in cells in inactive forms until they bind with a cyclin. A ________________ is a critical control point where stop and go-ahead signals can regulate the cell cycle. Name the phenomenon in which crowded cells stop dividing due to availability of growth factors and nutrients. checkpoint Density dependent inhibition 3.A.2:.a.2. The cell cycle is directed by internal controls or checkpoints. Internal and external signals provide stop-and-go signs at the checkpoints. To foster student understanding of this concept, instructors can choose an illustrative example such as: • Mitosis-promoting factor (MPF) 3.A.2:.a.3. Cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases control the cell cycle.

chromatin DNA and attached proteins which is
less tightly wound in an interphase nucleus is called________________ chromatin Phase of mitosis in which nucleoli disappear and chromatin begins to condense into chromosomes, centrosome is visible, and mitotic spindle begins to form prophase 3.A.2..b.4 Mitosis is a continuous process with observable structural features along the mitotic process. LO 3.7 The student can make predictions about natural phenomena occurring during the cell cycle. [See SP 6.4] LO 3.8 The student can describe the events that occur in the cell cycle. [See SP 1.2]

Checkpoints throughout the cell cycle control passage to next phase.
Which checkpoint is called the “restriction” checkpoint and WHY? G1 checkpoint It determines whether cell will stay in interphase or undergo mitosis 3.A.2.a.The cell cycle is a complex set of stages that is highly regulated with checkpoints, which determine the ultimate fate of the cell. LO 3.7 The student can make predictions about natural phenomena occurring during the cell cycle. [See SP 6.4] LO 3.8 The student can describe the events that occur in the cell cycle. [See SP 1.2]

cyclins Growth factors
The proteins whose concentration fluctuates in cells which bind with cyclin-dependent kinases (CdK’s) to control the cell cycle Proteins released by certain cells which stimulate other cells to divide cyclins Growth factors 3.A.2.a.2. The cell cycle is directed by internal controls or checkpoints. Internal and external signals provide stop-and-go signs at checkpoints. • Mitosis-promoting factor (MPF) • Action of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) 3.A.2.a.3. Cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases control the cell cycle.

___________ Produces 4 different haploid cells
IS IT MITOSIS OR MEIOSIS? ___________ Produces 4 different haploid cells ___________ NO genetic recombination ___________ Synapsis/crossing over occur ___________ Segregation/Independent assortment occur ___________ Copies DNA every division MEIOSIS MITOSIS MEIOSIS MEIOSIS MITOSIS

In this part of interphase following S cells make the molecules and organelles needed for cell division G2 The 2 copies of each chromosome are called ______________ chromosomes because are the same size, same shape, and carry genes for the same traits. homologous 3.A.2..b.4 Mitosis is a continuous process with observable structural features along the mitotic process. LO 3.7 The student can make predictions about natural phenomena occurring during the cell cycle. [See SP 6.4] LO 3.8 The student can describe the events that occur in the cell cycle. [See SP 1.2]

Phase of mitosis in which nuclear envelope fragments and microtubules attach to the chromosomes
prophase Phase of cell division in which the nuclear envelope reforms and chromosomes begin to spread out into chromatin. telophase 3.A.2..b.4 Mitosis is a continuous process with observable structural features along the mitotic process. LO 3.7 The student can make predictions about natural phenomena occurring during the cell cycle. [See SP 6.4] LO 3.8 The student can describe the events that occur in the cell cycle. [See SP 1.2]

INTERPHASE PROPHASE INTERPHASE METAPHASE
Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase Interphase INTERPHASE ________________ DNA is all spread out as chromatin and nuclear envelope & nucleoli are visible ________________ Chromatin condenses and chromosomes are first visible ________________ Made up of G1, S, G2 ________________ Chromosomes line up in middle of cell PROPHASE INTERPHASE METAPHASE 3.A.2..b.4 Mitosis is a continuous process with observable structural features along the mitotic process. LO 3.7 The student can make predictions about natural phenomena occurring during the cell cycle. [See SP 6.4] LO 3.8 The student can describe the events that occur in the cell cycle. [See SP 1.2]

INTERPHASE ANAPHASE TELOPHASE METAPHASE
Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase Interphase _______________ DNA is copied and cell prepares to divide _______________ Chromatid arms separate and chromosomes move to opposite ends of the cell _______________ Chromosomes unwind into chromatin & nuclear envelope returns _______________ Nuclear envelope fragments & microtubules attach to chromosomes INTERPHASE ANAPHASE TELOPHASE METAPHASE

TELOPHASE PROPHASE PROPHASE CYTOKINESIS TELOPHASE
Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase Interphase TELOPHASE __________________ Two nuclei are visible __________________ First dividing phase __________________ Spindle begins to form & centrosomes move toward poles _________________ Cytoplasm is split between two cells __________________ Spindle fibers and centrosomes disappear PROPHASE PROPHASE CYTOKINESIS TELOPHASE 3.A.2..b.4 Mitosis is a continuous process with observable structural features along the mitotic process. LO 3.7 The student can make predictions about natural phenomena occurring during the cell cycle. [See SP 6.4] LO 3.8 The student can describe the events that occur in the cell cycle. [See SP 1.2]

METAPHASE ANAPHASE CYTOKINESIS TELOPHASE ANAPHASE
Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase Interphase METAPHASE __________________ longest dividing phase __________________ shortest dividing phase __________________ overlaps with telophase __________________ Could also be called “reverse prophase” __________________ Nonkinetochore (polar) fibers elongate the cell ANAPHASE CYTOKINESIS TELOPHASE ANAPHASE 3.A.2..b.4 Mitosis is a continuous process with observable structural features along the mitotic process. LO 3.7 The student can make predictions about natural phenomena occurring during the cell cycle. [See SP 6.4] LO 3.8 The student can describe the events that occur in the cell cycle. [See SP 1.2]

G2 G0 M G1, & G2 G1 or G0 S S G1 G2 G0 Mitosis (M) Cytokinesis (C)
_______ Phase of the cell cycle most body cells are in ________ DNA is copied ________ centrosomes are copied ________ Cells leave the cell cycle and stop dividing ________ Division of chromosomes happens ________ Growth happens S G2 G0 M G1, & G2 3.A.2..b.4 Mitosis is a continuous process with observable structural features along the mitotic process. LO 3.7 The student can make predictions about natural phenomena occurring during the cell cycle. [See SP 6.4] LO 3.8 The student can describe the events that occur in the cell cycle. [See SP 1.2]

G2 M C S G1 G2 G0 Mitosis (M) Cytokinesis (C)
_______ Division of cytoplasm happens _______ Follows S and cell makes the molecules and organelles needed for cell division _______ Made up of telophase, anaphase, prophase, and metaphase G2 M 3.A.2..b.4 Mitosis is a continuous process with observable structural features along the mitotic process. LO 3.7 The student can make predictions about natural phenomena occurring during the cell cycle. [See SP 6.4] LO 3.8 The student can describe the events that occur in the cell cycle. [See SP 1.2]

Compare and contrast cytokinesis in animal cells and plant cells.
During which stages of a cell cycle would a chromosome consist of two identical chromatids? Compare and contrast cytokinesis in animal cells and plant cells. Campbell Concept check 12.2 From end of S in interphase through the end of metaphase of mitosis Campbell Concept check 12.2 Both form two identical daughter cells but mechanism is different Animal cells occurs by cleavage, which divides the parent cell in two using a contractile ring of actin; In plant cells a cell plate forms in the middle and grows until its membrane fuses with the parent cell plasma membrane; A new cell wall is produced from the cell plate 3.A.2..b.4 Mitosis is a continuous process with observable structural features along the mitotic process. LO 3.7 The student can make predictions about natural phenomena occurring during the cell cycle. [See SP 6.4] LO 3.8 The student can describe the events that occur in the cell cycle. [See SP 1.2]

___________ Divides twice; copies DNA once
IS IT MITOSIS OR MEIOSIS? ___________ Divides twice; copies DNA once ___________ Makes somatic cells ___________ Makes spores in plants/fungi ___________ Makes gametes in plants ___________ Happens in reproductive organs like ovaries and testes MEIOSIS MITOSIS MEIOSIS MITOSIS BOTH 3.A.2..b.4 Mitosis is a continuous process with observable structural features along the mitotic process. LO 3.7 The student can make predictions about natural phenomena occurring during the cell cycle. [See SP 6.4] LO 3.8 The student can describe the events that occur in the cell cycle. [See SP 1.2]

Phase of mitosis where the cytoplasm is split between two cells
CYTOKINESIS What kind of chemical reactions do kinases catalyze? Add phosphate groups to molecules to activate them 3.A.2..b.4 Mitosis is a continuous process with observable structural features along the mitotic process. LO 3.7 The student can make predictions about natural phenomena occurring during the cell cycle. [See SP 6.4] LO 3.8 The student can describe the events that occur in the cell cycle. [See SP 1.2]

What happens at the if a cell does not receive a “go” signal at a checkpoint? Cell will stay in that phase until signal is given OR cell receives apoptosis signal 3.A.2.a.The cell cycle is a complex set of stages that is highly regulated with checkpoints, which determine the ultimate fate of the cell. LO 3.7 The student can make predictions about natural phenomena occurring during the cell cycle. [See SP 6.4] LO 3.8 The student can describe the events that occur in the cell cycle. [See SP 1.2]

mitosis tumor phosphate
Type of cell division used by organisms to grow bigger, repair injuries, and replace worn out cells. Mass of abnormal cells Kinases work by transferring a _________ group from a high energy donor molecule to another molecule. mitosis tumor phosphate 3.A.2..b.4 Mitosis is a continuous process with observable structural features along the mitotic process. LO 3.7 The student can make predictions about natural phenomena occurring during the cell cycle. [See SP 6.4] LO 3.8 The student can describe the events that occur in the cell cycle. [See SP 1.2]

Regulation of the cell cycle is so key to life that genes for these regulatory pathways have changed little through evolution. The genes are basically the same in yeast, plants, and animals (including humans). Genes for critical pathways that have changed little over time and are shared across many domains are said to be highly ___________________ conserved 3.A.2.a.2. The cell cycle is directed by internal controls or checkpoints. Internal and external signals provide stop-and-go signs at checkpoints. • Mitosis-promoting factor (MPF) 1.A.4.b.3. Biochemical and genetic similarities, in particular DNA nucleotide and protein sequences, provide evidence for evolution and ancestry.

Cdk’s are inactive unless _________ proteins are attached
cyclin __________ CdK’s allow cells to pass through checkpoints and continue to the next phase of the cell cycle ACTIVE INACTIVE ACTIVE 3.A.2.a.2. The cell cycle is directed by internal controls or checkpoints. Internal and external signals provide stop-and-go signs at checkpoints. • Mitosis-promoting factor (MPF) 3.A.2.a.3. Cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases control the cell cycle.

E The drug cytochalasin B blocks the function of actin.
Which of the following aspects of the cell cycle would be most disrupted by cytochalasin B? A. spindle formation B. spindle attachment to kinetochores C. DNA synthesis D. cell elongation during anaphase E. cleavage furrow formation E Campbell Self-Quiz 3.A.2..b.4 Mitosis is a continuous process with observable structural features along the mitotic process. LO 3.7 The student can make predictions about natural phenomena occurring during the cell cycle. [See SP 6.4] LO 3.8 The student can describe the events that occur in the cell cycle. [See SP 1.2]

Type of nuclear division that produces 2 diploid daughter cells that are genetically identical to the parent cell mitosis Type of division used by bacteria to reproduce Binary fission 3.A.2..b.4 Mitosis is a continuous process with observable structural features along the mitotic process. LO 3.7 The student can make predictions about natural phenomena occurring during the cell cycle. [See SP 6.4] LO 3.8 The student can describe the events that occur in the cell cycle. [See SP 1.2]

Cdk’s = Cyclin dependent kinases
Name the proteins that become active when attached to cyclins which allow cells to proceed past cell cycle checkpoints Cdk’s = Cyclin dependent kinases 3.A.2.a.2. The cell cycle is directed by internal controls or checkpoints. Internal and external signals provide stop-and-go signs at checkpoints. • Mitosis-promoting factor (MPF) 3.A.2.a.3. Cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases control the cell cycle.

The spread of cancer cells from the original site to a new distant location is called ___________________ A researcher treats cells with a chemical that prevents DNA synthesis. This treatment traps the cells in which part of the cell cycle? Proteins released by certain cells that stimulate other cells to grow are called ________________________. metastasis G1 Campbell Concept check 12.3 Growth factors 3.A.2..b.4 Mitosis is a continuous process with observable structural features along the mitotic process. LO 3.7 The student can make predictions about natural phenomena occurring during the cell cycle. [See SP 6.4] LO 3.8 The student can describe the events that occur in the cell cycle. [See SP 1.2]

C One difference between a cancer cell and a normal cell is that
A. the cancer cell is unable to synthesis DNA B. the cell cycle of the cancer cell is arrested in S phase C. cancer cells continue to divide even when they are tightly packed together D. cancer cells cannot function properly because they suffer from density-dependent inhibition E. cancer cells are always in the M phase of the cell cycle C 3.A.2. a.2. The cell cycle is directed by internal controls or checkpoints. Internal and external signals provide stop-and-go signs at the checkpoints. • Cancer results from disruptions in cell cycle control Campbell Self-Quiz

How is METAPHASE different in mitosis vs meiosis?
MITOSIS Metaphase- homologous chromosomes line up independently in middle of cell MEIOSIS Metaphase I- homologous chromosomes line up together in middle of cell Metaphase II- chromosomes line up independently in middle of cell 3.A.2:.a.4 Mitosis is a continuous process with observable structural features along the mitotic process. Evidence of student learning is demonstrated by knowing the order of the processes (replication, alignment, separation) 3.A.2:.c.2. During meiosis, homologous chromosomes are paired, with one homologue originating from the maternal parent and the other from the paternal parent. Orientation of the chromosome pairs is random with respect to the cell poles. LO 3.7 The student can make predictions about natural phenomena occurring during the cell cycle. [See SP 6.4] LO 3.8 The student can describe the events that occur in the cell cycle. [See SP 1.2]

How is spermatogenesis different from oogenesis?
Spermatogenesis produces 4 spermatids. Oogenesis- cytoplasm divides unevenly to produce one egg with most nutrients/organelles and 3 polar bodies Image from

How is ANAPHASE different in mitosis vs meiosis?
MITOSIS Anaphase- sister chromatids separate MEIOSIS Anaphase I- homologous chromosomes separate Anaphase II- sister chromatids separate 3.A.2:.a.4 Mitosis is a continuous process with observable structural features along the mitotic process. Evidence of student learning is demonstrated by knowing the order of the processes (replication, alignment, separation) 3.A.2:.c.3. Separation of the homologous chromosomes ensures that each gamete receives a haploid (1n) set of chromosomes composed of both maternal and paternal chromosomes. LO 3.7 The student can make predictions about natural phenomena occurring during the cell cycle. [See SP 6.4] LO 3.8 The student can describe the events that occur in the cell cycle. [See SP 1.2]

C The decline of MPF activity at the end of mitosis is caused by
A. the destruction of the protein kinase (CdK) B. decreased synthesis of cyclin C. the degradation of cyclin D. synthesis of DNA E. an increase in the cell’s volume to genome ratio C 3.A.2.a.3. Cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases control the cell cycle. LO 3.7 The student can make predictions about natural phenomena occurring during the cell cycle. [See SP 6.4] LO 3.8 The student can describe the events that occur in the cell cycle. [See SP 1.2] Campbell Self-Quiz

A. cells with more than one nucleus
In some organisms, mitosis occurs without cytokinesis occurring. This will result in A. cells with more than one nucleus B. cells that are unusually small C. cells lacking nuclei D. destruction of chromosomes E. cell cycles lacking S phase A Campbell Self-Quiz 3.A.2..b.4 Mitosis is a continuous process with observable structural features along the mitotic process. LO 3.7 The student can make predictions about natural phenomena occurring during the cell cycle. [See SP 6.4] LO 3.8 The student can describe the events that occur in the cell cycle. [See SP 1.2]

What happens at the M checkpoint? Check at metaphase to make sure spindle apparatus is set up and all chromosomes have been are attached to spindle fibers 3.A.2:.a.2. The cell cycle is directed by internal controls or checkpoints. Internal and external signals provide stop-and-go signs at the checkpoints. To foster student understanding of this concept, instructors can choose an illustrative example such as: • Mitosis-promoting factor (MPF) 3.A.2:.a.3. Cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases control the cell cycle.

Disease in which body cells lose their ability to control cell division
cancer Repeating sequence of events that cells go through during their lifetime Cell cycle Essential knowledge 3.A.2:.a The cell cycle is a complex set of stages that is highly regulated with checkpoints, which determine the ultimate fate of the cell. • Cancer results from disruptions in cell cycle control

Through a microscope, you can see a cell plate beginning to develop across the middle of the cell and nuclei re-forming on either side of the cell plate. This cell is most likely A. an animal cell in the process of cytokinesis B. a plant cell in the process of cytokinesis C. An animal cell in the S phase of the cell cycle D. a bacterial cell dividing E. a plant cell in metaphase B 3.A.2.b.2. Mitosis followed by cytokinesis produces two genetically identical daughter cells. LO 3.7 The student can make predictions about natural phenomena occurring during the cell cycle. [See SP 6.4] LO 3.8 The student can describe the events that occur in the cell cycle. [See SP 1.2] Campbell Self-Quiz

Phase in which the nucleus divides
mitosis Phase in which cells have stopped dividing and left the cycle G0 3.A.2..b.4 Mitosis is a continuous process with observable structural features along the mitotic process. 3.A.2.b.5. When a cell specializes, it often enters into a stage where it no longer divides, but it can reenter the cell cycle when given appropriate cues. Nondividing cells may exit the cell cycle; or hold at a particular stage in the cell cycle. LO 3.7 The student can make predictions about natural phenomena occurring during the cell cycle. [See SP 6.4] LO 3.8 The student can describe the events that occur in the cell cycle. [See SP 1.2]

TRUE OR FALSE Once cells have left the cycle, they can never return and divide again
FALSE Some cells stay in G0 once they are mature (ex: nerve/muscle cells) BUT most cells can reenter the cell cycle when given appropriate signals. 3.A.2..b.4 Mitosis is a continuous process with observable structural features along the mitotic process. 3.A.2.b.5. When a cell specializes, it often enters into a stage where it no longer divides, but it can reenter the cell cycle when given appropriate cues. Nondividing cells may exit the cell cycle; or hold at a particular stage in the cell cycle. LO 3.7 The student can make predictions about natural phenomena occurring during the cell cycle. [See SP 6.4] LO 3.8 The student can describe the events that occur in the cell cycle. [See SP 1.2]

The joining of gametes is called ______________ fertilization
The cell formed during fertilization is called a ______ zygote Essential knowledge 3.A.2.c.5. Fertilization involves the fusion of two gametes, increases genetic variation in populations by providing for new combinations of genetic information in the zygote, and restores the diploid number of chromosomes.

What is the relationship between meiosis and fertilization and maintenance of the correct number of chromosomes in cells throughout the life cycle of a sexually reproducing organism? Sexually reproducing organisms need their gametes to have ½ the number of chromosomes (1n) as a body cell (2n) so that when gametes join the offspring will have the correct number of chromosomes. Meiosis reduces the number of chromosomes in gametes by ½ ; Fertilization restores the diploid number in the zygote. Essential knowledge 3.A.2.c.5. Fertilization involves the fusion of two gametes, increases genetic variation in populations by providing for new combinations of genetic information in the zygote, and restores the diploid number of chromosomes.

What affect does increasing the levels of cyclins have on on CDK’s?
High levels of cyclin activates CdK’s into MPF “maturation promoting factor” or “M-phase promoting factor” This is the signal to enter mitosis 3.A.2:.a.2. The cell cycle is directed by internal controls or checkpoints. Internal and external signals provide stop-and-go signs at the checkpoints. To foster student understanding of this concept, instructors can choose an illustrative example such as: • Mitosis-promoting factor (MPF) 3.A.2:.a.3. Cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases control the cell cycle.

Phase in which the DNA is copied
S or SYNTHESIS Phase in which cells leave the cycle and stop dividing all together G0 3.A.2.a.1. Interphase consists of three phases: growth, synthesis of DNA, preparation for mitosis. 5. When a cell specializes, it often enters into a stage where it no longer divides, but it can reenter the cell cycle when given appropriate cues Non-dividing cells may exit the cell cycle; or hold at a particular stage in the cell cycle.

C Which of the following explains how the cell cycle is regulated?
A. Increases in cyclin proteins increase the length of telomeres which slows cell division B. Increases in cyclin proteins inactivate CdK’s which results in cells undergoing mitosis C. Increases in cyclin proteins activate CdK’s which results in cells undergoing mitosis. D. Decreases in cyclin proteins phosphorylate CdK’s which results in cells stopping at the “restriction checkpoint” E. Cyclin proteins act as second messengers to phosphorylate G-protein receptors in the cytoplasm C Campbell Self-Quiz 3.A.2:.a.2. The cell cycle is directed by internal controls or checkpoints. Internal and external signals provide stop-and-go signs at the checkpoints. To foster student understanding of this concept, instructors can choose an illustrative example such as: • Mitosis-promoting factor (MPF) 3.A.2:.a.3. Cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases control the cell cycle.

Phenomenon in which crowded cells stop dividing
Density dependent inhibition Most animal cells must be attached to a substrate such as a culture dish or extracellular matrix. This is called ______________ anchorage dependence

Somatic _____________ cells or body cells have 2 copies of each chromosome. A cell’s genetic information is called its _____________ Reproductive cells like sperm and eggs which have one copy of each chromosome are called ___________. genome gametes 3.A.2.b.2. Mitosis followed by cytokinesis produces two genetically identical daughter cells. LO 3.7 The student can make predictions about natural phenomena occurring during the cell cycle. [See SP 6.4] LO 3.8 The student can describe the events that occur in the cell cycle. [See SP 1.2]

Name the three phases that make up interphase and describe what happens in each.
A cell spends most of its life in which phase? G1 - Growth, cell is “doing its job”, S – DNA synthesis G2 – Growth, make organelles needed for cell division (ex: centrosomes duplicated) . G1 or G0 3.A.2.a.1. Interphase consists of three phases: growth, synthesis of DNA, preparation for mitosis

2 How many chromatids are in a duplicated chromosome?
After synthesis of DNA during mitosis, sister chromatids are IDENTICAL SIMILAR BUT NOT IDENTICAL homologous chromosomes are IDENTICAL SIMILAR BUT NOT IDENTICAL 2 LO 3.7 The student can make predictions about natural phenomena occurring during the cell cycle. [See SP 6.4] LO 3.8 The student can describe the events that occur in the cell cycle. [See SP 1.2] LO 3.9 The student is able to construct an explanation, using visual representations or narratives, as to how DNA in chromosomes is transmitted to the next generation via mitosis, or meiosis followed by fertilization. [See SP 6.2]

What happens during prophase I that results in this difference?
After prophase I of meiosis, sister chromatids are IDENTICAL SIMILAR BUT NOT IDENTICAL What happens during prophase I that results in this difference? CROSSING OVER 3.A.2.c.4. During meiosis, homologous chromatids exchange genetic material via a process called "crossing over," which increases genetic variation in the resultant gametes. [See also 3.C.2] LO 3.7 The student can make predictions about natural phenomena occurring during the cell cycle. [See SP 6.4] LO 3.8 The student can describe the events that occur in the cell cycle. [See SP 1.2] LO 3.9 The student is able to construct an explanation, using visual representations or narratives, as to how DNA in chromosomes is transmitted to the next generation via mitosis, or meiosis followed by fertilization. [See SP 6.2]

16 total; 8 from each parent
A koala bear has 16 chromosomes in its somatic cells; how many did the koala inherit from each parent? How many chromosomes are in each of the koala’s gametes? How many chromosomes will be in each somatic cell of the koala’s offspring? 16 total; 8 from each parent 8 16 3.A.2. c.1. Meiosis ensures that each gamete receives one complete haploid (1n) set of chromosomes

What is the function of non-kinetochore microtubules?
What role do actin microfilaments play in cytokinesis? Elongate cell during anaphase Campbell Concept check 12.2 Actin microfilaments -Assemble under the membrane at the cytokinesis site; - Create a ring around cell that tightens to pinch cell during cytokinesis (cleavage furrow) - Interact with myosin motor proteins to generate force to pinch cell in two; 3.A.2.b Mitosis followed by cytokinesis produces two genetically identical daughter cells Mitosis is a continuous process with observable structural features along the mitotic process. Evidence of student learning is demonstrated by knowing the order of the processes (replication, alignment, separation).

What is the function of non-kinetochore microtubules?
Identify three similarities between bacterial chromosomes and eukaryotic chromosomes, considering both structure and behavior during cell division. Campbell Concept check 12.2 Elongate cell during anaphase Campbell Concept check 12.2 Each consists of a single molecule of DNA with attached proteins; During cell division the two copies actively move apart; After cell division, one copy ends up in each daughter cell 3.A.2.b.2. Mitosis followed by cytokinesis produces two genetically identical daughter cells. LO 3.7 The student can make predictions about natural phenomena occurring during the cell cycle. [See SP 6.4] LO 3.8 The student can describe the events that occur in the cell cycle. [See SP 1.2]

Which of the following does NOT occur during mitosis?
A. condensation of the chromosomes B. replication of DNA C. separation of sister chromatids D. spindle formation E. separation of the centrosomes Campbell Self-Quiz B happens in interphase (S) 3.A.2.b.4. Mitosis is a continuous process with observable structural features along the mitotic process. LO 3.7 The student can make predictions about natural phenomena occurring during the cell cycle. [See SP 6.4] LO 3.8 The student can describe the events that occur in the cell cycle. [See SP 1.2]

interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
In the light micrograph below dividing cells near the tip of an onion root, identify a cell in each of the following stages: interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase Campbell Self-Quiz PROPHASE METAPHASE ANAPHASE TELOPHASE REST ARE INTERPHASE 3.A.2.b.4. Mitosis is a continuous process with observable structural features along the mitotic process. LO 3.7 The student can make predictions about natural phenomena occurring during the cell cycle. [See SP 6.4] LO 3.8 The student can describe the events that occur in the cell cycle. [See SP 1.2]

A particular cell has half as much DNA as some of the other cells in a mitotically active tissue. The cell in question is most likely in A. G1 B. G2 C. prophase D. metaphase E. anaphase A 3.A.2.b. 1. Mitosis occurs after DNA replication LO 3.8 The student can describe the events that occur in the cell cycle. Campbell Self-Quiz

___________ Produces 2 identical diploid cells
IS IT MITOSIS OR MEIOSIS? ___________ Produces 2 identical diploid cells ___________ Results in genetic recombination ___________ Used for growth, repair ___________ NO synapsis/No crossing over ___________ Produces gametes for sexual reproduction in animals MITOSIS MEIOSIS MITOSIS MITOSIS MEIOSIS

A Vinblastine is a standard chemotherapeutic drug used
to treat cancer. Because it interferes with the assembly of microtubules its effectiveness must be related to A. disruption of mitotic spindle formation B. inhibition of regulatory proteins phosphorylation C. suppression of cyclin production D. myosin denaturation and inhibition of cleavage furrow formation E. inhibition of DNA synthesis A Campbell Self-Quiz 3.A.2.b.4. Mitosis is a continuous process with observable structural features along the mitotic process. LO 3.7 The student can make predictions about natural phenomena occurring during the cell cycle. [See SP 6.4] LO 3.8 The student can describe the events that occur in the cell cycle. [See SP 1.2]

DNA is condensed because its easier to move during cell division
Explain when AND why DNA is switched between CHROMOSOME and CHROMATIN forms. DNA is less tightly packed in order to read or copy information (in non-dividing cells) DNA is condensed because its easier to move during cell division 3.A.2.b.4. Mitosis is a continuous process with observable structural features along the mitotic process. LO 3.7 The student can make predictions about natural phenomena occurring during the cell cycle. [See SP 6.4] LO 3.8 The student can describe the events that occur in the cell cycle. [See SP 1.2]

Which phase of mitosis could be called “reverse prophase” ?
Discuss events that happen in these phases to provide evidence for your answer. TELOPHASE nuclear membrane disappears in prophase and returns in telophas centrosome/centrioles/spindle appear in prophase and disappear in telophase chromatin condenses into chromosomes in prophase and unwinds in telophase SP6.1 Student can justify claims with evidence.

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Mitosis/Meiosis Review

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