1. Research Methods Exam Qs & Mark Scheme Booklet FIND THE JUNE 2011 QS: READ THROUGH THEM HIGHLIGHT THE KEY PARTS OF THEM MARK SCHEME E.G. EXAMPLES ON EACH OTHER’S WORK WRITE HOW THEY COULD IMPROVE THEIR ANSWER TO GET MORE MARKS

2. Grade Boundaries (out of 23) Put the homework in your folders A = 18 B = 16 C = 14 D = 11 E = 9 U = 8 or less

3. Finish these sentences… P can be known as the possibility that our results are due to… It is known as the Level of … When P ≤ 0.05 we are … % or more sure our results are due to our IV and … % or less due to …. When this happens we accept our … …. And reject our … … When P ≥ 0.05 our results are …% or more due to chance Therefore we must accept our … … And reject our … …

4. What if we make a mistake… ooops! Type 1 Error ◦A null hypothesis is rejected when it should not have been ◦(our results were NOT significant… ooops!) ◦Optimism (O for one!) Type 2 Error ◦A null hypothesis is accepted when it should not have been ◦Our results were significant, but at a different level ◦We chose P ≤ 0.01, could have been significant at P ≤ 0.05 ◦Pessimism

5. In your own words pg 565 What is Nominal Data? What is Ordinal Data? What is interval and Ratio Data?

6. Types of Data: This dictates which test you use… Nominal Data: Used for exclusive groups or categories e.g. Male or female, Psychology graduate or Sociology Graduate. Then frequencies are recorded for each group. Ordinal Data: Order of things e.g. Medallists at the Olympics, Horses in a race We do not measure the gaps/intervals, (BUT note: they maybe different sizes) Interval or Ratio Data: Measure on a scale e.g. temperature, distance The gaps/intervals are equal

7. Which statistical test do we use to find our observed value? Decision 1: What are you looking for? DifferencesCorrelation Decision 2: What level of measurement? Spearman’s rho NominalOrdinal and Interval/Ratio Chi squared test Decision 3: What experimental design Independent groups Repeated measures/ or matched Mann Whitney U test Wilcoxon matched pairs rank test

8. On the Stats Sheet Highlight: What type of data do they test Does the observed value have to be LESS than or GREATER than the critical value

9. Exam Q booklets – Find them! Find every question that refers to significance, statistical tests, type 1 & 2 errors