1. Solutions and Mixtures
Chapter 6 Notes
Solutions and Mixtures

2. Types of Mixtures
1. Suspension- a mixture that looks uniform when stirred or shaken that separates into different layers when it is no longer agitated.
Ex: oil and vinegar dressing
2. Colloid- a mixture of very tiny particles of pure substances that are dispersed in another substance but do not settle out.
Ex. milk and Blood

3. continued
Emulsion- any mixture of immiscible liquids in which the liquids are spread throughout one another.
to get immiscible solutions to mix together, we add another solution called an Emulsifier.
** Mayonnaise is created by oil and vinegar being mixed with an emulsifier to pull them together.

4. Mixing Solutions
A Solution is a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances uniformly spread out in a compound
** To make a salt-water solution you dissolve salt in water
usually made of a compound dissolved in water.
dissolving means breaking down in a Solvent.
Other examples
Coffee, tea, and milk(all the mixture tastes the same throughout)

5. Parts of a Solution
1. The Solvent is a substance that is dissolving the solute
Ex: water is the solvent
** Water is known as the universal solvent, it dissolves so many things, but not oil.
2. The Solute is the substance that is being dissolved.

6. Concentration
3. Concentration- the amount of solute dissolved in a given quantity of solution.
** Usually tells us how many grams of solute/ml of water or even moles/liter.
** can also be expressed as a percent composition.
** We can modify the concentration of a solution by adding more of the solvent or adding solute.
- This process is called dilution.

7. Types of Solutions
Unsaturated Solution- a solution that is able to dissolve more solute.
Saturated Solution- a solution that cannot dissolve any more solute at the given conditions.

8. Breaching the Saturation Point
Supersaturated Solution- a solution holding more dissolved solute than it normally can by increasing its kinetic energy
These are unstable because the solute’s solubility is exceeded for a short time
The solute will precipitate out once the solution cools down.

9. Solubility
- Solubility is a physical property that tells us how much solute can dissolve in a given solvent
We can change this quantity by changing the conditions from chapter 5
Ex.- SALT IN H2O
** Changing solubility creates a solution that will is very unique.

10. Polarity
** Atoms that are covalently bonded may have slight positive and negative charges because they may not share the electrons equally. It creates a Pole. (NORTH and SOUTH)
Water(H2O) is a polar compound.
“Like dissolves like” so water will dissolve polar compounds.

11. Non-Polar - Non- Polar Compounds share electrons equally so NO poles.
water can’t dissolve non-polar compounds like fat, oil, grease and cholesterol- this is why we need soaps to remove grease and dirt.
Polar dissolves polar - non-polar dissolves non-polar.

12. Acids Acid- a substance that donates hydrogen ions, H+
** form hydronium ions, H3O+, when dissolved in water
Ex- lemon, orange, vinegar and Dill pickles
They are corrosive
Things that are bonded to hydrogen can form H30+ in water
Ex. HCl- releases the H+ ion when mixed with H2O. The A H2O molecule picks up the H+ ion, it becomes H3O+and an acid. Other that can H2SO4, HF, HC2H3O2.

13. Bases
- Base- a substance that either contains hydroxide ions, OH-, or reacts with water to form hydroxide ions.
Corrosive like Acids
They are considered H ion receptors
NaOH releases the OH- and Na+ when mixed with water.
NH3+ will take a Hydrogen ion from H2O to form the OH-

14. Indicators are compounds that change color in the presence of acids, depending on the concentration of H30+ ions
Ex-Litmus Paper
Bases turn red litmus paper blue
Acids turn blue litmus paper red

15. pH
- pH Levels- tell us the hydrogen ion concentration. Lots of H+ equals low pH. Small amounts of H+ means high pH.
0 to 6 Acids to 14 Bases
0 is most acidic 6 least acidic
14 most basic, 8 least
7 is neutral
each unit of pH represents a factor of 10 in H3O+ concentration.

16. What happens when you spill an acid?
You must find a way to cancel out the ions that are corrosive and potentially harmful.
A Neutralization Reaction is a reaction in which H3O+ from an acid and OH- from a base react to produce water molecules.