1. Slides Created By Kevin Brady and Eric Chiang Keynesian Macroeconomics Interactive Examples To navigate, please click the appropriate green buttons. (Do not use the arrows on your keyboard) Material from this presentation can be found in: Chapter 18 CoreEconomics, 2e Begin

2. Keynesian Macroeconomics Aggregate Expenditures (AE) Income (Y) The Keynesian Model focuses on the relationship between Aggregate Expenditures (AE) in the economy and Income (Y) in the economy. Recall that AE = C + I + G + (X-M), where: Back 200040006000800010000 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 Interactive Examples C = Consumption I = Investment G = Government Spending (X-M) = Net Exports Next

3. Keynesian Macroeconomics Aggregate Expenditures (AE) Income (Y) By tracing out all of the points where Income is equal to Aggregate Expenditures, we can show the Y = AE line. Back 200040006000800010000 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 Interactive Examples Y = AE For example, notice that when AE = $4,000, Y also equals $4,000. Question: In this graph, when AE = $10,000, what does Y equal? Answer

4. Keynesian Macroeconomics Aggregate Expenditures (AE) Income (Y) By tracing out all of the points where Income is equal to Aggregate Expenditures, we can show the Y = AE line. Back 200040006000800010000 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 Interactive Examples Y = AE For example, notice that when AE = $4,000, Y also equals $4,000. Question: In this graph, when AE = $10,000, what does Y equal? Answer = $10,000 Next

5. Keynesian Macroeconomics Aggregate Expenditures (AE) Income (Y) Let’s assume for a moment that the aggregate expenditures in our economy are made up of only consumption (C). In other words, there is no investment, no government spending, and no trade. Back 200040006000800010000 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 Interactive Examples We can add a line that traces out the amount of consumption for various income levels. Y = AE C Question: When income is $2,000 how much are consumers spending in this economy? Answer

6. Keynesian Macroeconomics Aggregate Expenditures (AE) Income (Y) Question: When income is $2,000, what do consumers spend in this economy? Back 200040006000800010000 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 Interactive Examples Y = AE C Answer: $3,000 3000 Next

7. Keynesian Macroeconomics Aggregate Expenditures (AE) Income (Y) Question: When income is $2,000, what do consumers spend in this economy? Back 200040006000800010000 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 Interactive Examples Y = AE C Answer: $3,000 3000 Question: How is it possible that income in the economy is only $2,000, while consumer spending is $3,000? Answer

8. Keynesian Macroeconomics Aggregate Expenditures (AE) Income (Y) Question: When income is $2,000, what do consumers spend in this economy? Back 200040006000800010000 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 Interactive Examples Y = AE C Answer: $3,000 3000 Question: How is it possible that income in the economy is only $2,000, while consumer spending is $3,000? Answer: Just like many college students, consumers in the entire economy can borrow to spend more than they are currently earning! Next

9. Keynesian Macroeconomics Aggregate Expenditures (AE) Income (Y) On the other hand, it is possible for spending in the economy as a whole to be less than income. Back 200040006000800010000 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 Interactive Examples Y = AE C Question: How much saving is there in the economy when income is $8,000? Answer

10. Keynesian Macroeconomics Aggregate Expenditures (AE) Income (Y) On the other hand, it is possible for spending in the economy as a whole to be less than income. Back 200040006000800010000 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 Interactive Examples Y = AE C Question: How much saving is there in the economy when income is $8,000? Answer: When income is $8,000, spending in the economy is only $6,000. This implies there is $2,000 in savings. Next

11. Keynesian Macroeconomics Aggregate Expenditures (AE) Income (Y) Question: On this graph, when is the economy in equilibrium? In other words, at what level of income are aggregate expenditures equal to income? Back 200040006000800010000 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 Interactive Examples Y = AE C Answer

12. Keynesian Macroeconomics Aggregate Expenditures (AE) Income (Y) Question: On this graph, when is the economy in equilibrium? In other words, at what level of income are aggregate expenditures equal to income? Back 200040006000800010000 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 Interactive Examples Y = AE C Answer: Recall that we are ignoring investment, government spending, and trade for now. Thus, consumption represents all aggregate expenditures. This means that when the consumption line crosses the Y = AE line, we have the answer to our question! This occurs at an income level of $4,000. Next

13. Keynesian Macroeconomics Aggregate Expenditures (AE) Income (Y) Let us now add investment to our economy. Suppose businesses spend $1,000 on investment no matter what the income level is in the economy. Back 200040006000800010000 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 Interactive Examples Y = AE C Question: How can we show this in our model? Answer

14. Keynesian Macroeconomics Aggregate Expenditures (AE) Income (Y) Let us now add investment to our economy. Suppose businesses spend $1,000 on investment no matter what the income level is in the economy. Back 200040006000800010000 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 Interactive Examples Y = AE C Question: How can we show this in our model? Answer: By adding $1,000 to consumption for every possible income level, we arrive at a new AE curve labeled “AE = C + I o” AE = C+I o Next

15. Keynesian Macroeconomics Aggregate Expenditures (AE) Income (Y) Question: What is the new equilibrium in this economy? Back 200040006000800010000 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 Interactive Examples Y = AE C AE = C+I o Answer

16. Keynesian Macroeconomics Aggregate Expenditures (AE) Income (Y) Question: What is the new equilibrium in this economy? Back 200040006000800010000 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 Interactive Examples Y = AE C AE = C+I o Answer: The new equilibrium is where the AE = C+Io line crosses the Y = AE line. The new equilibrium is $6,000 in income and $6,000 in aggregate expenditures. Did you notice something remarkable here? Next

17. Keynesian Macroeconomics Aggregate Expenditures (AE) Income (Y) Did you notice something remarkable here? Back 200040006000800010000 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 Interactive Examples Y = AE C AE = C+I o To see what is remarkable, let’s take a step backwards. With only consumption in the model, the equilibrium income level in the economy was $4,000. When we added investment spending of $1,000, the new equilibrium income level in the economy was $6,000. An increase in investment spending of $1,000 led to a $2,000 increase in income in the economy!!! Next

18. Keynesian Macroeconomics Aggregate Expenditures (AE) Income (Y) This remarkable phenomena is known as the multiplier effect, which in essence shows that added spending can change equilibrium income in the economy by more than the additional spending. Back 200040006000800010000 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 Interactive Examples Y = AE C AE = C+I o Question: Why does this happen? Answer

19. Keynesian Macroeconomics Back Interactive Examples Answer: Because one person’s spending becomes another person’s income, part of which that person then spends, which then becomes another person’s income, part of which they spend, and so on and so forth. In our example, the spending multiplier was 2, because a $1,000 increase in investment spending resulted in a $2,000 increase in income in the economy. This process allows us to calculate the spending multiplier, which tells us how many more times income will change in the economy for each extra dollar in spending. Next

20. Keynesian Macroeconomics Back Interactive Examples Question: What is the general formula for the spending multiplier? Answer

21. Keynesian Macroeconomics Back Interactive Examples Question: What is the general formula for the spending multiplier? The spending multiplier depends on how much each person spends of their additional income. The spending multiplier (k) is found by computing 1 / (1 – MPC), where MPC is the marginal propensity to consume. The MPC is the change in consumption associated with a given change in income. Next

22. Keynesian Macroeconomics Back Interactive Examples Question: If spending in the economy rises $90 for the next $100 earned in income, what is the MPC? What is k? Answer

23. Keynesian Macroeconomics Back Interactive Examples Answer: The MPC would be $90 / $100, or.90. Since k = 1 / (1 – MPC), we find that k = 1 / (1 -.90) = 10 Next

24. Keynesian Macroeconomics Back Interactive Examples Question: If businesses decide to invest an additional $50, and the marginal propensity to consume is.80, by how much will income in the economy grow? Answer

25. Keynesian Macroeconomics Back Interactive Examples Answer: Since the MPC is.8, we know the spending multiplier is 1 / (1 -.8), which is 5. To find the change in income, take change in spending and multiply it by the spending multiplier. In this case, $50 * 5 = $250. Income will rise by $250 in the economy. Next

26. Keynesian Macroeconomics Aggregate Expenditures (AE) Income (Y) Recall that aggregate expenditures in a modern economy also depend on government spending (G) and net exports (X-M). We can add these components in the same way we added investment. As we did for investment, let’s assume the level of G is the same at each income level. Back 200040006000800010000 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 Interactive Examples Y = AE C AE = C+I o Question: If government spending is $2,000, what is the new equilibrium income level in the economy? Answer

27. Keynesian Macroeconomics Aggregate Expenditures (AE) Income (Y) Answer: We can add $2,000 to our C+Io line for each income level to get a new AE line, namely C + Io + Go. 200040006000800010000 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 Interactive Examples Y = AE C AE = C+I o AE = C+Io+Go The new equilibrium income in the economy is $10,000. Remember that we can also use this framework to analyze changes in net exports. Also remember that the multiplier effect also occurs in reverse: a cut in spending will lead to a larger drop in equilibrium income! Start Over Back