1. CSCI 2670 Introduction to Theory of Computing October 12, 2005

2. 2 Agenda Yesterday –Enumerators Equivalence of enumerators and TM’s –Definition of algorithm Church-Turing thesis –Decidable languages Today –More on DFA’s and decidability Tomorrow –CFG’s and decidability

3. October 12, 20053 Decidable languages A language is decidable if some Turing machine decides it –Every string in  * is either accepted or rejected Not all languages can be decided by a Turing machine

4. October 12, 20054 Some decidable languages A DFA = { | B is a DFA that accepts input string w} A NFA = { | B is an NFA that accepts input string w} A REX = { | R is a regular expression that generates string w}

5. October 12, 20055 Emptiness testing problem Consider the language E DFA = { | A is a DFA and L(A) =  } Theorem: E DFA is a decidable language Proof: Consider the following TM, T T = “On input string, where A is a DFA 1.Mark the start state 2.Repeat until no new states get marked  Mark any state that has a transition coming into it from any state already marked 3.If no accept states are marked, accept. Otherwise, reject.”

6. October 12, 20056 DFA equivalence problem EQ DFA = { | A and B are DFA’s and L(A) = L(B)} Theorem: EQ DFA is a decidable language Proof: Consider the following language (L(A)  L(B))  (L(A)  L(B))

7. October 12, 20057 DFA equivalence problem (L(A)  L(B))  (L(A)  L(B)) L(A)L(B)

8. October 12, 20058 DFA equivalence problem EQ DFA = { | A and B are DFA’s and L(A) = L(B)} Theorem: EQ DFA is a decidable language Proof: Consider DFA C that accepts L(C) = (L(A)  L(B))  (L(A)  L(B)) How do we know such a DFA exists? If L(C) = , then L(A) = L(B)

9. October 12, 20059 TM that decides EQ DFA Q = “On input string, where A and B are DFAs 1.Create DFA C such that L(C) = (L(A)  L(B))  (L(A)  L(B)) 2.Submit C to Turing machine T that decides E DFA 3.If T accepts C, accept. Otherwise, reject.”