1. Residential Location David Levinson

2. Push and Pull Pull - advantages of locating near specific things Push - disadvantages of locating near specific things (advantage of locating far from specific things)

3. Hedonism I We seek “pleasure” in deciding where to locate Pleasure comprises attributes of structure (house) and location. We consider especially location

4. Accessibility A measure that relates the transportation network to the pattern of activities that comprise land use. It measures the ease of reaching valued destinations. Accessibility “is perhaps the most important concept in defining and explaining regional form and function.” (Wachs and Kumagai 1973)

5. The Power of Networks Top picture: two “markets”: A-B and B- A. Middle Picture: six markets: B-C, C-B, C- A, A-C Bottom Picture: twelve markets: D-C, C-D, D- B, B-D, D-A, A-D

6. Mathematical Expression S = N ( N-1) S = Size of the Network: N = Number of Nodes (places) To illustrate With 2 nodes: S = 2*1 = 2 With 3 nodes: S = 3*2 = 6 With 4 nodes: S = 4*3 =12. And so on.

7. Relative vs. Absolute Change Do people value the absolute increase (each person I am connected to adds the same value)? Or do people value the relative change (I will pay twice as much for a network that is twice the size)?

8. Measuring Point Accessibility Where: E j = some measure of activity at point j (for example jobs) C ij = the cost to travel between i and j (for example travel time by auto).

9. Measuring Metropolitan Accessibility where: A = Accessibility W i = Workers at origin i Ej = Employment at destination j f(Cij) = function of the travel cost (time and money) between i and j.

10. Network Size vs. Accessibility Network Size: All nodes valued equally Independent of type of node Independent of spatial separation of nodes Accessibilty: Places are not equal Places (i, j) are weighted according to size Considers spatial separation of places.

11. Absolute vs. Relative Accessibility A transportation improvement reduces the travel time between two places. What happens? The absolute accessibility of the entire region increases. The pie increases The relative accessibility of the two places increases at a greater rate than the rest of the region. The slice of the pie going to those two places increases even more. Why does this matter?

12. Network Externalities

13. Multi-Modal & Multi- Purpose Accessibility

14. Access By Mode & Distance, DC Data

15. Accessibility and Housing Value Urban Economics suggests trade-off time & money - finding supported for auto accessibility - not for transit accessibility

16. Is Race (Still) an Issue in Transport & Land Use? Why? Why Not?

17. American Apartheid (Massey & Denton) Sources of Racism Theories: –Culture of Poverty –Insitutional Racism –Welfare Disincentives –Structural Economic Change (leading to spatial mismatch) –Spatial Segregation

18. Segregation Self-Segregation –Why would a group self-segregate? Assimiliation vs. Melting Pot vs. Salad Bowl Segregation when integration is preferred Segregation of blacks vs. other minorities.

19. Segregation & Poverty Interaction of segregation and high poverty levels exacerbates problem If poverty rates are higher in the segregated group than average, all in the segregated group live a disproportionately poor area.

20. Dimensions of (Hyper)Segregation Unevenness - blacks overrepresented in some areas, underrepresented in others (Dissimilarity) Isolation - blacks don’t share neighborhoods with whites (=100 when all blacks live in black only neighborhoods) Clustering - black neighborhoods may be clustered (so that they adjoin) (or they may be checkerboard)( = 100 when all black neighborhoods contiguous) Centralization- around the urban core, or out in the suburbs. (=100 if all black neighborhoods in urban core) Concentration - in a small area, or over a large area. (relative amount of physical space occupied by group = 100 when blacks occupy smallest possible area) Measures largely reflect the same phenomenon, but are defined somewhat differently.

21. Dissimilarity Index Where: –G i = population of group g in area i –H i = population of group h in area i –G = total population of group g in all areas –H = total population of group h in all areas The higher the more dissimilar (100 = max dissimilarity)

22. The South is Less Segregated MeasureNorthern AreasSouthern Areas Unevenness80.168.3 Isolation66.163.5 Clustering52.230.9 Centralization88.475.3 Concentration83.360.8

23. Racial Profile of areas in Columbia, MD

24. Dissimilarity Index From Columbia, MD (/100)

25. Neighborhood Preference How similar should the neighbors be? E.g. A survey of Detroit found that a majority of blacks preferred living in a neighborhood that was 50% black, Whites on the other hand would prefer a neighborhood more than 50% white.

26. Schelling Model See Schelling Model LinkSchelling Model Link