1. Doping in horse racing University of Medicine and Pharmacy Tîrgu Mures Faculty of Pharmacy MARISIENSIS The International Sciencific Congress

2. What does doping mean? Definition: “the use of a substance not normally present in the body or of any physiological agent when introduced in: - abnormal additional quantities; - abnormal route; - abnormal manner; Purpose: “increasing the performance of that individual during the period of competition”

3. Horse racing- royal sport show jumping; dressage; carriage driving; endurance riding; reining; vaulting.

4. Anti doping agencies WORLD ANTI DOPING AGENCY WADA – WORLD ANTI DOPING AGENCY FÉDÉRATION EQUESTRE INTERNATIONALE (International Equestrian Federation) FEI – FÉDÉRATION EQUESTRE INTERNATIONALE (International Equestrian Federation) FEI mission: to advance equestrian sport world- wide by promoting, regulating and administering humane and sportsmanlike international competition in traditional equestrian disciplines. FEI mission: to advance equestrian sport world- wide by promoting, regulating and administering humane and sportsmanlike international competition in traditional equestrian disciplines. FEI Code of Conduct FEI Code of Conduct

5. FEI’s list of prohibited substances legal medications that are administered inappropriately (e.g., a miscalculated withdrawal time), performance enhancing drugs (which have no place in competition), naturally occurring prohibited substances (NOPS) in feeds; accidental contaminants in feeds Feedstuffs, October 29, 2012

6. Prohibited substances ClassSubstancesActivity NSAIDsAmpyrone, benorilat, bromfenac, celecoxib Analgesic, anti-inflamatory drugs Beta- blockersAcebutolol, alprenolol, betaxolol, carvedilol Anti-arrhythmic, reducing blood pressure, anti-angina Opiod analgesiccarfentanil., dihydromorphine, morphine Analgesics AnxiolyticChlordiazepoxide, buspirone, alprazolam Reduces fear HormoneAldosterone, Growth factors, Growth Hormones Various effects BronchidilatorIsoprenaline, orciprenaline, formoterol Anti-asthma Artificial gas carriers in bloodPerfluorocarbons. Perfluorodecalin, perfluorooctylbromide Blood substitute

7. FEI Anti-doping statistics YearNumber of eventsTotal horses sample 20023541949 20033692162 20043872237 20054162563 20065173171 20075193270 20085393356 20095513535 20105473540 20115753767 20125533877 20135823982 20146324752 http://www.fei.org/fei/cleansport/ad-h/prohibited-list

8. FEI Anti-doping statistics

9. Positive cases of horse doping YearAverage of horses sampled per event Percentage of positive cases 20099.2 1 % 20108.50,7% 20118.40,5% 20128.80,2% 20138.60.7 % 20149.40.65% Annual Report 2014 http://www.fei.org/fei/about-fei/publications/fei-annual-report/2014

11. Anti-doping and medication control Medication - veterinary treatment justifiably provided to safeguard the animal’s health and welfare; “ 10.1.1 If the Person Responsible establishes that he or she bears No Fault or Negligence for the EAD Rule violation, the individual results of the Person Responsible in the other Competitions shall not be Disqualified unless these results in Competitions other than the Competition in which the EAD Rule violation occurred were likely to have been affected by the EAD Rule violation of the Person Responsible.” “ 10.1.2 In addition, the Horse of the Person Responsible may also be Disqualified for the Event with all Consequences, including forfeiture of all medals, points, and prizes even if earned while being ridden by someone other than the Person Responsible, if the Horse’s results in Competitions other than the Competition in which the EAD Rule violation occurred were likely to have been affected by the EAD Rule violation. “ The dividing line between the use of medication to treat injury and disease as opposed to preparing horses for competition is narrow and difficult to define.

12. Future ? many performance modifying substances employed by human athletes are likely to be tried in horse competitions; there will always be riders, trainers and veterinarians who will attempt to get more out of an animal using exogenous aid; blood doping - recombinant erythropoietin; equine recombinant growth hormone; gene doping - cells, genes, genetic elements, or modulated gene expression used to try and improve athletic performance; the battle against doping is far from won and, although sport may be fairer or not than ever before, the “winning” horse may still not be the “best”.

13. Conclusions A good game should be a competition between rivals. A game between competitors in conditions of inequality is not a good game; A good game should be a competition between rivals. A game between competitors in conditions of inequality is not a good game; When there exist conditions of equality in a game, the result will only be decided in the final moments, a characteristic which adds drama to the competition; When there exist conditions of equality in a game, the result will only be decided in the final moments, a characteristic which adds drama to the competition; Human athletes decide for themselves if they wish to take drugs, horses do not ! Human athletes decide for themselves if they wish to take drugs, horses do not ! There is a moral and ethical dimension when medicating animals ! There is a moral and ethical dimension when medicating animals ! Sport could lose popularity among followers! Sport could lose popularity among followers! The health of the horse can be affected. The health of the horse can be affected.

14. Still not first?

15. Do you want to win??? Take my horse for a ride!!

16. The Hulk horse! FEI Code of Conduct: “…at all times the welfare of the horse must be paramount and must never be subordinated to competitive or commercial influences”

17. FINISH...