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TOPICS 3&4 ASTRONOMY PAGE 7  All the matter in the universe, is thought to be contained in an area no larger than a grain of sand  This area was under.

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Presentation on theme: "TOPICS 3&4 ASTRONOMY PAGE 7  All the matter in the universe, is thought to be contained in an area no larger than a grain of sand  This area was under."— Presentation transcript:

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2 TOPICS 3&4 ASTRONOMY PAGE 7

3  All the matter in the universe, is thought to be contained in an area no larger than a grain of sand  This area was under extreme pressure and measured an infinite density  The matter exploded and traveled outward at an extreme rate  This matter is still expanding and moving outward after billions of years  This theory explains the origin of the universe Page 7

4 Rotation- A. Earth’s 1. Direction of Rotation: Counterclockwise (CCW) West to East (Left  Right) 2. Rate of Rotation a. 360 degrees b. 24 hours 3. RATE= 15º/ hour The movement or turning of a celestial body on its axis (spinning) Page 7 What Happens If Earth’s Rotation slows down Video 2:53

5 The Earth and Its Motions The rotation of the Earth causes day & night. Page 7

6 Effects of Earth’s Rotation The Apparent Motions of stars  Star trail photographs looking North, South, East, and West  Try to identify the star trail photo and the direction you would be facing *15°/ hour* PAGE 7

7 Effects of Earth’s Rotation Apparent Motions of the Sun a. Earth rotates from _______ to _______ b. Sun appears to move in an arc from ____________ to ____________ West EastWest East *15°/ hour* PAGE 7

8 Evidence of Rotation Pendulum- the Foucault Pendulum is a device that proves (evidence) the Earth rotates on its axis Pendulum Coriolis Effect- is the deflection of planetary winds and ocean currents. In the Northern Hemisphere winds deflect to the right & to the left in the Southern Hemisphere Coriolis Effect Classzone Animation PAGE 7

9 Revolution- Revolution- A. Rate of RevolutionA. Rate of Revolution 1. 1. 2. 2. Earth revolves around the sun Earth revolves around the sun 1º/day 1º/day The orbiting of one celestial body around another celestial body 360 degrees 365 days PAGE 7

10 Diagram of Earth’s Revolution Label positions A-D PAGE 7

11 Evidence of Earth’s Revolution 1.Annual, cyclic changing of the constellations seen at night 2.Seasonal Changes- the seasons change in a cyclic pattern every year winter spring summer autumn PAGE 7

12 Evidence of Earth’s Revolution 3.Annual, cyclic variations of the length of daylight hours Animate http://www.learner.org/jnorth/images/graphics/mclass/SunlightAnimation_Year.gif PAGE 7

13 Evidence of Earth’s Revolution 4.Parallax- the slight changing of the position of distant stars Parsec- A unit of astronomical length based on the distance from Earth at which stellar parallax is one second of arc and equal to 3.258 light- years, 3.086 × 10 13 kilometers, or 1.918 × 10 13 miles. PAGE 7

14 TERRESTRIAL PLANETS Images: Lunar and Planetary Laboratory: http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/multimedia/display.cfm?IM_ID=178 PAGE 7 Rocky Dense Metal cores (iron) few moons AKA “inner planets” Close to Sun small slow rotation fast revolution solid surfaces

15 Jovian Planets Large (big diameters) Massive Gases and liquids No solid surface All have rings Rotate rapidly Slow revolution Many moons Image: Lunar and Planetary Laboratory: http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/multimedia/display.cfm?IM_ID=178 PAGE 7

16 Diagram of Earth’s Revolution 11. Label positions A-D Page 8

17 Season & Approximate Date Latitude of Sun’s Direct Rays Direction of Sunrise & Sunset Altitude of the Noon Sun Period of Daylight June 21 st Summer Solstice 23.5° North North of East & North of West ≈ 75° 15 Hours September 23 rd Autumnal Equinox (Fall) 0° EquatorDue East & Due West ≈ 50°12 Hours December 21 st Winter Solstice 23.5° South South of East & South of West ≈ 25° 9 Hours March 21 st Vernal Equinox (Spring) 0° Equator Due East & Due West ≈ 50° 12 Hours Page 8

18 Celestial Sphere 1. Label horizon & zenith Page 9

19 Celestial Sphere 2. Blue= 12/21, Green= 3/21 & 9/23, Red=6/21 Page 9

20 Celestial Sphere 3. 42°N b/c that’s the altitude of Polaris Page 9

21 Celestial Sphere 4. South Page 9

22 Kepler’s Laws of Planetary Motion Page 9

23 Kepler’s 1 st Law Titled the: Ellipse Law States each planet moves around the Sun in an ellipse with the Sun located at one focus Focus Sun Planet Page 9

24 Kepler’s 1 st Law: Definitions Ellipse : A closed curve around two fixed points, called foci; shaped like an oval or flattened circle Foci : Two fixed points within the ellipse – Think of the ellipse as a smiley face with the two eyes being the foci Focus Page 9

25 Kepler’s 1 st Law Label the parts of the Ellipse : Focus Major Axis: The longest diameter (axis) of an ellipse, running through the center and foci. Minor Axis Orbit: The path of an object revolving around another object; such as the Earth around the sun. Sun Planet D= Origin Page 9

26 Kepler’s 1 st Law: Definitions Eccentricity : is a numerical value used to describe the degree of flatness or “ovalness” of an ellipse – How out of round the shape is – *Eccentricity of a perfect circle= 0 Circle= 0 Comet Straight line= 1 Page 9

27 Calculating eccentricity of an ellipse: Formula: (e) eccentricity = (d) distance between foci (L) length of major axis length of major axis When the distance between foci get larger what happens to the ellipse? Page 9

28 d. Relationship : As the distance between foci increases, the shape of the ellipse becomes more elliptical or oval Page 9

29 ESRT Page 15

30 Which planet has the least perfectly circular orbit? Page9

31 Which planet has the most perfectly circular orbit? Page 9

32 Kepler’s 2 nd Law Titled: Equal Time, Equal Area States as a planet revolves around the Sun a straight line joining the center of the planet and the center of the Sun, the planets sweeps out equal areas in space in equal intervals of time Eccentricity Website Page 9

33 Kepler’s 2 nd Law Essentially what Kepler discovered was the planets change speed during their orbit around the Sun http://astro.unl. edu/naap/pos/a nimations/kepl er.swf Glencoe Another Interactive Animation #2 Page 9

34 Increasing speed Perihelion Jan. 4th Max. speed Aphelion July 4th Min speed Decreasing speed Max. Gravitational Attraction MAX Apparent Diameter Min. Gravity Min diameter HINT: Study one know the other by default Page 9

35 Kepler’s 3 rd Law Titled The Harmonic Law States a planet’s orbital period (P) squared is proportional to its average distance from the sun (au) cubed: What does it mean? The further a planet is to the sun, the longer it takes to revolve around the Sun Page 9

36 What are Kepler’s 3 Laws of Planetary Motion? 1.The Ellipse Law: Each planet moves around the Sun in an ellipse with the Sun at one focus 2.Equal areas in space in equal intervals of time (Planets change speed in orbit: Closer to sun= faster) 3.Period squared (2)= Distance cubed (3) (faster period of revolution when closer to sun) Page 9

37 Increasing speed Perihelion Jan. 4th Max. speed Aphelion July 4th Min speed Decreasing speed Min Gravitational Attraction Min Apparent Diameter Max Gravity Max diameter HINT: Study one know the other by default Page 10

38 Increasing speed Decreasing speed 5. THE SUN 6. Heliocentric Page 10

39 Earth’s Moon PAGE 11

40 Earth’s Moon PAGE 11 New Moon Waning Gibbous Full Moon Waxing Gibbous First Quarter Waxing Crescent Third Quarter Waning Crescent

41 Lunar Phases- Seen from Earth PAGE 11

42 Earth’s Moon 2. 27.3 (ESRT page 15) 3. 27.3 (synchronous motion- this is why we only see one side of the moon) 4. 29.5 days 5. b/c the moon revolves around Earth PAGE 11

43 Lunar Eclipse Moon goes into Earth’s Shadow Can only happen in the Full Moon Phase PAGE 11

44 Solar Eclipse Moon blocks out sunlight from reaching Earth- day turns to night New Moon Phase PAGE 11


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