1. Axial Skeleton

2. Vertebral Column/ Spine supports the skull /transfers weight
Structure:
26 irregular bones
(33 pre-birth)
7 cervical
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
1 sacrum
1coccyx

3. Intervertebral foramen-
Between each vertebrae
For spinal nerves
Intervertebral discs-
Cushion/absorbs shock
Provides flexibility
Hardens with age

4. Herniated Disc
When the annulus wall weakens, the disc will press against the spinal nerve = PAIN

5. curvatures Primary curvature- What you are born with
Posterior = Convex
Secondary curvature-
What develops
Cervical becomes-posterior concave when baby lifts head
Lumbar becomes posterior concave when baby walks

6. Abnormal Curvatures Scoliosis- abnormal side to side
Kyphosis-Exaggerated posterior curvature of thoracic vertebrae- osteoporosis
Lordosis-exaggerated posterior curve of lumbar
Pregnancy, pot belly

7. Typical Vertebrae Body- weight bearing anterior
Vertebral Arch- join the laminae and pedicles posterior
Vertebral Foramen- canal that spinal cord passes
Transverse Process- 2 lateral projections from the arch

8. Typical vertebrae
Spinal Process- single projection from posterior arch
Superior and Inferior Articular Processes- paired projections lateral to the foramen allows the vertebrae to join each other

9. Cervical Vertebrae - neck
C1 - ATLAS
No body
receives the occipital condyles
Allows the “yes” nod

10. Cervical vertebrae
C-2 - AXIS
Has an upright pivot called dens or odontoid process
Allows rotation- “no”

11. Cervical vertebrae C-3 to C- 7
Small
Short bifid spinous process
Transverse processes contain foramen for arteries

12. Thoracic Vertebrae T1 – T12
Larger heart shaped body
Long spinous process-points downward
2 costal facets on either side for ribs

13. Thoracic Vertebrae

14. Hatchet like spinous process
Lumbar vertebrae L1 – L5
Massive body
Hatchet like spinous process
Takes most stress

15. Sacrum 5 fused vertebrae
Posterior Pelvis
wing like
Lateral articulation with hip
Medial Sacral Crest- posterior fused spinous processes

16. Sacrum Sacral foramina- lateral to crest Sacral Canal- down the center
Sacral Hiatus- inferior opening

17. Coccyx 3-5 fused vertebrae
tailbone

18. Bony Thorax
Ribs
Sternum
Thoracic vertebrae

19. Sternum Manubrium- jugular notch Body- sternal angle (3rd rib)
Xiphoid Process- small point at bottom

20. Xiphoid
The Xiphoid process can cause damage because of the location of the liver

21. Costal Cartilage
The costal cartilage attaches the ribs to the sternum-hyaline cartilage

22. Ribs- 12 pairs
True ribs-are connected to the sternum- vertebrosternal # 1-7
Posterior – attached to thoracic vertebrae 1-7
Anterior- attached to sternum

23. False Ribs- are not connected directly to the sternum
Ribs 8-10 are called false
Ribs 8-10 are called vertebrochondral
Posterior- attaches to vertebrae
Anterior- attaches to cartilage

24. Floating Ribs- ribs 11 & 12
They are not connected in the anterior, only the posterior
Posterior- vertebrae
Anterior- nothing

25. Ribs- flat bones Head- meets with the body of the thoracic vertebrae
Neck- meets with the transverse process of the thoracic vertebrae
Shaft- angles downward